Management of Calcinosis Cutis in Rheumatic Diseases
Affiliations
Affiliations
- H. Elahmar, MD, Dermatologist at U-turn Dermatology Clinic, Kuwait City, Kuwait, and Dermatology and Venerology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- B.M. Feldman, MD, MSc, Pediatrics, Medicine, Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- S.R. Johnson, MD, PhD, Toronto Scleroderma Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital, Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Sindhu.Johnson@uhn.ca.
Abstract
Calcinosis (hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate crystal deposition) within the extracellular matrix of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue is a frequent manifestation of adult and pediatric systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases, specifically systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, mixed connective tissue disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. In this article, we review classification of calcinosis, highlight mechanisms that may contribute to the pathogenesis of calcinosis, and summarize the evidence evaluating nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions for the treatment of calcinosis.
Keywords: calcinosis cutis; scleroderma; systemic sclerosis.
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