Abstract

Objective: Folate antagonists are widely used in the treatment of diverse cancerous states. A paucity of data on transport characteristics of one such widely used drug, methotrexate, in the human placenta, prompted us to study its permeation characteristics in vitro.

Methods: Placentas from normal pregnancies were collected post-partum. Methotrexate, along with antipyrine as reference marker were injected as a single bolus (100 microL) into the maternal arterial circulation of isolated perfused placental lobules; perfusate samples were collected from both maternal and fetal circulations over a study period of five minutes. National Culture and Tissue Collection medium, diluted with Earle's buffered salt solution was used as the perfusate. The concentration of methotrexate in various samples was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, while antipyrine concentration was assayed by spectrophotometry. Transport and pharmacokinetic data of study and reference substances were computed using standard parameters.

Results: Differential transport rate of methotrexate for 10, 25, 50, 75 and 90% efflux fractions in fetal venous effluent averaged 0.52, 1.30, 2.37, 3.57 and 4.43 minutes in 12 perfusions, representing 1.01 + 0.08, 1.03 + 0.06, 0.95 + 0.03, 0.93 + 0.03, 0.93 + 0.03 respectively times antipyrine reference value. Student's t-test showed varying differences between the control and study group data. Transport Fraction (TF) of methotrexate, expressed as fraction of the drug appearing in fetal vein, during study period of 5 minutes averaged 24.00 + 2.50% of bolus dose while antipyrine TF averaged 68.73 + 2.01% of injected bolus dose, representing 24.00 percent of reference marker value. Student's t-test showed methotrexate and reference marker TF values to be significantly different (p < 0.05). Pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the curve, clearance, time for maximum response, absorption and elimination rates of study and reference substances showed varying differences.

Conclusions: We report for the first time that the transport of methotrexate from maternal to fetal circulation is not negligible in human placenta at term. It is reasonable to assume that a direct risk for the fetus from methotrexate use in pregnancy cannot be excluded, and caution is warranted when it is used in emergency clinical situations.