Mortality from esophagectomy for esophageal cancer across low, middle, and high-income countries: An international cohort study
Oesophago-Gastric Anastomotic Audit (OGAA) Collaborative: Writing Committee; Steering Committee; National Leads; Site Leads; Collaborators
S K Kamarajah 1, D Nepogodiev 2, A Bekele 3, I Cecconello 4, R P T Evans 1, A Guner 5, J A Gossage 6, T Harustiak 7, J Hodson 1, A Isik 8, B Kidane 9, A M Leon-Takahashi 10, H A Mahendran 11, I Negoi 12, K E Okonta 13, G Rosero 14, R H Sayyed 15, P Singh 16, F R Takeda 4, R van Hillegersberg 17, R S Vohra 18, R E White 19, E A Griffiths 20, D Alderson 21, J Bundred 1, R P T Evans 1, J Gossage 6, E A Griffiths 1, B Jefferies 1, S K Kamarajah 1, S McKay 1, I Mohamed 1, D Nepogodiev 2, K Siaw-Acheampong 1, P Singh 16, R van Hillegersberg 17, R Vohra 18, K Wanigasooriya 1, T Whitehouse 1, A Gjata 22, J I Moreno 23, F R Takeda 4, B Kidane 9, Castro R Guevara 24, T Harustiak 7, A Bekele 3, A Kechagias 25, I Gockel 26, A Kennedy 27, A Da Roit 28, A Bagajevas 29, J S Azagra 30, H A Mahendran 11, L Mejía-Fernández 31, B P L Wijnhoven 32, J El Kafsi 33, R H Sayyed 15, M Sousa 34, A S Sampaio 34, I Negoi 12, R Blanco 35, B Wallner 36, P M Schneider 37, P K Hsu 38, A Isik 8, S Gananadha 39, V Wills 40, M Devadas 41, C Duong 42, M Talbot 43, M W Hii 44, R Jacobs 45, N A Andreollo 46, B Johnston 47, G Darling 48, A Isaza-Restrepo 49, G Rosero 14, F Arias-Amézquita 50, D Raptis 51, J Gaedcke 52, D Reim 53, J Izbicki 54, J H Egberts 55, S Dikinis 56, D W Kjaer 57, M H Larsen 58, M P Achiam 59, J Saarnio 60, D Theodorou 61, T Liakakos 62, D P Korkolis 63, W B Robb 64, C Collins 65, T Murphy 66, J Reynolds 67, V Tonini 68, M Migliore 69, L Bonavina 70, M Valmasoni 71, R Bardini 72, J Weindelmayer 73, M Terashima 74, R E White 19, E Alghunaim 75, M Elhadi 76, A M Leon-Takahashi 10, H Medina-Franco 77, P C Lau 78, K E Okonta 79, J Heisterkamp 80, C Rosman 81, R van Hillegersberg 17, G Beban 33, R Babor 82, A Gordon 83, J I Rossaak 84, K M I Pal 85, A U Qureshi 86, S A Naqi 87, A A Syed 88, J Barbosa 89, C S Vicente 90, J Leite 91, J Freire 92, R Casaca 34, R C T Costa 93, R R Scurtu 94, S S Mogoanta 95, C Bolca 96, S Constantinoiu 97, D Sekhniaidze 98, M Bjelović 99, J B Y So 100, G Gačevski 101, C Loureiro 102, M Pera 103, A Bianchi 104, Gijón M Moreno 105, J Martín Fernández 106, M S Trugeda Carrera 35, M Vallve-Bernal 107, M A Cítores Pascual 108, S Elmahi 109, I Halldestam 110, J Hedberg 111, S Mönig 112, S Gutknecht 113, M Tez 114, A Guner 115, M B Tirnaksiz 116, E Colak 117, B Sevinç 118, A Hindmarsh 119, I Khan 120, D Khoo 121, R Byrom 122, J Gokhale 123, P Wilkerson 124, P Jain 125, D Chan 126, K Robertson 127, S Iftikhar 128, R Skipworth 129, M Forshaw 130, S Higgs 131, J Gossage 132, R Nijjar 133, Y K S Viswanath 134, P Turner 135, S Dexter 136, A Boddy 137, W H Allum 138, S Oglesby 139, E Cheong 140, D Beardsmore 141, R Vohra 142, N Maynard 143, R Berrisford 144, S Mercer 145, S Puig 146, R Melhado 147, C Kelty 148, T Underwood 149, K Dawas 150, W Lewis 151, A Al-Bahrani 152, G Bryce 153, M Thomas 154, A T Arndt 155, F Palazzo 156, R A Meguid 157, J Fergusson 39, E Beenen 39, C Mosse 39, J Salim 39, S Cheah 40, T Wright 40, M P Cerdeira 40, P McQuillan 40, M Richardson 41, H Liem 41, J Spillane 42, M Yacob 42, F Albadawi 42, T Thorpe 42, A Dingle 42, C Cabalag 42, K Loi 43, O M Fisher 43, S Ward 44, M Read 44, M Johnson 44, R Bassari 45, H Bui 45, I Cecconello 158, R A A Sallum 158, J R M da Rocha 158, L R Lopes 46, V Tercioti Jr 46, J D Coelho 46, J A P Ferrer 46, G Buduhan 159, L Tan 159, S Srinathan 159, P Shea 47, J Yeung 48, F Allison 48, P Carroll 48, F Vargas-Barato 49, F Gonzalez 49, J Ortega 49, L Nino-Torres 49, T C Beltrán-García 49, L Castilla 14, M Pineda 14, A Bastidas 50, J Gómez-Mayorga 50, N Cortés 50, C Cetares 50, S Caceres 50, S Duarte 50, A Pazdro 160, M Snajdauf 160, H Faltova 160, M Sevcikova 160, P B Mortensen 56, N Katballe 57, T Ingemann 57, B Morten 57, I Kruhlikava 57, A P Ainswort 58, N M Stilling 58, J Eckardt 58, J Holm 59, M Thorsteinsson 59, M Siemsen 59, B Brandt 59, B Nega 161, E Teferra 161, A Tizazu 161, J H Kauppila 60, V Koivukangas 60, S Meriläinen 60, R Gruetzmann 51, C Krautz 51, G Weber 51, H Golcher 51, G Emons 162, A Azizian 162, M Ebeling 162, S Niebisch 163, N Kreuser 163, G Albanese 163, J Hesse 163, L Volovnik 53, U Boecher 53, M Reeh 54, S Triantafyllou 61, D Schizas 62, A Michalinos 62, E Mpali 62, M Mpoura 62, A Charalabopoulos 62, D K Manatakis 63, D Balalis 63, J Bolger 64, C Baban 64, A Mastrosimone 64, O McAnena 65, A Quinn 65, C B Ó Súilleabháin 66, M M Hennessy 66, I Ivanovski 66, H Khizer 66, N Ravi 67, N Donlon 67, M Cervellera 68, S Vaccari 68, S Bianchini 68, L Sartarelli 68, E Asti 70, D Bernardi 70, S Merigliano 164, L Provenzano 164, M Scarpa 72, L Saadeh 72, B Salmaso 72, G De Manzoni 73, S Giacopuzzi 73, R La Mendola 73, C A De Pasqual 73, Y Tsubosa 74, M Niihara 74, T Irino 74, R Makuuchi 74, K Ishii 74, M Mwachiro 19, A Fekadu 19, A Odera 19, E Mwachiro 19, D AlShehab 75, H A Ahmed 76, A O Shebani 76, A Elhadi 76, F A Elnagar 76, H F Elnagar 76, S T Makkai-Popa 165, L F Wong 78, Y R Tan 166, S Thannimalai 166, C A Ho 166, W S Pang 166, J H Tan 166, H N L Basave 10, R Cortés-González 31, S M Lagarde 32, J J B van Lanschot 32, C Cords 32, W A Jansen 80, I Martijnse 80, R Matthijsen 80, S Bouwense 81, B Klarenbeek 81, M Verstegen 81, F van Workum 81, J P Ruurda 17, P C van der Sluis 17, M de Maat 17, N Evenett 33, P Johnston 33, R Patel 33, A MacCormick 82, M Young 83, B Smith 84, C Ekwunife 79, A H Memon 85, K Shaikh 85, A Wajid 85, N Khalil 86, M Haris 86, Z U Mirza 86, S B A Qudus 86, M Z Sarwar 87, A Shehzadi 87, A Raza 87, M H Jhanzaib 87, J Farmanali 15, Z Zakir 15, O Shakeel 88, I Nasir 88, S Khattak 88, M Baig 88, M A Noor 88, H H Ahmed 88, A Naeem 88, A C Pinho 90, R da Silva 90, A Bernardes 91, J C Campos 91, H Matos 92, T Braga 92, C Monteiro 34, P Ramos 34, F Cabral 34, M P Gomes 92, P C Martins 92, A M Correia 92, J F Videira 92, C Ciuce 93, R Drasovean 93, R Apostu 93, C Ciuce 93, S Paitici 94, A E Racu 94, C V Obleaga 94, M Beuran 12, B Stoica 12, C Ciubotaru 12, V Negoita 12, I Cordos 95, R D Birla 96, D Predescu 96, P A Hoara 96, R Tomsa 96, V Shneider 97, M Agasiev 97, I Ganjara 97, D Gunjić 98, M Veselinović 98, T Babič 98, T S Chin 100, A Shabbir 100, G Kim 100, A Crnjac 101, H Samo 101, I Díez Del Val 102, S Leturio 102, J M Ramón 103, M Dal Cero 103, S Rifá 103, M Rico 103, A Pagan Pomar 104, J A Martinez Corcoles 104, J L Rodicio Miravalles 105, S A Pais 105, S A Turienzo 105, L S Alvarez 105, P V Campos 106, A G Rendo 106, S S García 106, E P G Santos 106, E T Martínez 35, Díaz Mj Fernández 35, Álvarez C Magadán 35, Martín V Concepción 107, López C Díaz 107, Rodrigo A Rosat 107, Sánchez LE Pérez 107, Cuadrado M Bailón 108, Carrasco C Tinoco 108, E Choolani Bhojwani 108, D P Sánchez 108, M E Ahmed 109, T Dzhendov 110, F Lindberg 36, M Rutegård 36, M Sundbom 111, C Mickael 112, N Colucci 112, A Schnider 113, S Er 114, E Kurnaz 167, S Turkyilmaz 115, A Turkyilmaz 115, R Yildirim 115, B E Baki 115, N Akkapulu 116, O Karahan 118, N Damburaci 118, R Hardwick 119, P Safranek 119, V Sujendran 119, J Bennett 119, Z Afzal 119, M Shrotri 120, B Chan 120, K Exarchou 120, T Gilbert 120, T Amalesh 121, D Mukherjee 121, S Mukherjee 121, T H Wiggins 121, R Kennedy 168, S McCain 168, A Harris 168, G Dobson 168, N Davies 122, I Wilson 122, D Mayo 122, D Bennett 122, R Young 123, P Manby 123, N Blencowe 124, M Schiller 124, B Byrne 124, D Mitton 125, V Wong 125, A Elshaer 125, M Cowen 125, V Menon 126, L C Tan 126, E McLaughlin 126, R Koshy 126, C Sharp 127, H Brewer 128, N Das 128, M Cox 128, W Al Khyatt 128, D Worku 128, R Iqbal 129, L Walls 129, R McGregor 129, G Fullarton 130, A Macdonald 130, C MacKay 130, C Craig 130, S Dwerryhouse 131, S Hornby 131, S Jaunoo 131, M Wadley 131, C Baker 132, M Saad 132, M Kelly 132, A Davies 132, F Di Maggio 132, S McKay 133, P Mistry 133, R Singhal 133, O Tucker 133, S Kapoulas 133, S Powell-Brett 133, P Davis 134, G Bromley 134, L Watson 134, R Verma 135, J Ward 135, V Shetty 135, C Ball 135, K Pursnani 135, A Sarela 136, Ling H Sue 136, S Mehta 136, J Hayden 136, N To 136, T Palser 137, D Hunter 137, K Supramaniam 137, Z Butt 137, A Ahmed 137, S Kumar 138, A Chaudry 138, O Moussa 138, A Kordzadeh 169, B Lorenzi 169, M Wilson 139, P Patil 139, I Noaman 139, J Willem 140, G Bouras 141, R Evans 141, M Singh 141, H Warrilow 141, A Ahmad 141, N Tewari 142, F Yanni 142, J Couch 142, E Theophilidou 142, J J Reilly 142, P Singh 142, Gijs van Boxel 143, K Akbari 143, D Zanotti 143, B Sgromo 143, G Sanders 144, T Wheatley 144, A Ariyarathenam 144, A Reece-Smith 144, L Humphreys 144, C Choh 145, N Carter 145, B Knight 145, P Pucher 145, A Athanasiou 146, I Mohamed 146, B Tan 146, M Abdulrahman 146, J Vickers 147, K Akhtar 147, R Chaparala 147, R Brown 147, M M A Alasmar 147, R Ackroyd 148, K Patel 148, A Tamhankar 148, A Wyman 148, R Walker 149, B Grace 149, N Abbassi 150, N Slim 150, L Ioannidi 150, G Blackshaw 151, T Havard 151, X Escofet 151, A Powell 151, A Owera 152, F Rashid 152, P Jambulingam 152, J Padickakudi 152, H Ben-Younes 153, K Mccormack 153, I A Makey 154, M K Karush 155, C W Seder 155, M J Liptay 155, G Chmielewski 155, E L Rosato 156, A C Berger 156, R Zheng 156, E Okolo 156, A Singh 157, C D Scott 157, M J Weyant 157, J D Mitchell 157
Affiliations
Affiliations
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK.
- 2NIHR Global Surgery Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- 3University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda.
- 4University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- 5Department of General Surgery, Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey.
- 6Guy's and St Thomas' Esophago-Gastric Research Group, London, UK.
- 73rd Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 8Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan, Turkey.
- 9Section of Thoracic Surgery, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
- 10National Cancer Institute, Mexico.
- 11Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
- 12Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Romania.
- 13Carez Clinic, Nigeria.
- 14Hospital San Ignacio-Universidad Javeriana, Colombia.
- 15Patel Hospital, Pakistan.
- 16Regional Oesophagogastric Cancer Unit, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK.
- 17UMC, Utrecht, Netherlands.
- 18Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK.
- 19Tenwek Hospital, Kenya.
- 20Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK. Electronic address: Ewen.Griffiths@uhb.nhs.uk.
- 21Royal College of Surgeons, London, UK.
- 22University Hospital Center 'Mother Teresa', Albania.
- 23Hospital Italiano Rosario, Argentina.
- 24Clínica Universitaria Colombia, Colombia.
- 25Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
- 26University of Leipzig, Germany.
- 27Belfast City Hospital, Ireland.
- 28Policlynic Hospital University of Bari, Italy.
- 29Klaipeda University Hospital, Lithuania.
- 30Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
- 31Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición 'Salvador Zubirán', Mexico.
- 32Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
- 33Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand.
- 34Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Portugal.
- 35Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Spain.
- 36Umeå University Hospital, Sweden.
- 37Hirslanden Medical Center, Switzerland.
- 38Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan.
- 39The Canberra Hospital, Australia.
- 40John Hunter Hospital, Australia.
- 41Nepean Hospital, Australia.
- 42Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Australia.
- 43St George Public and Private Hospitals, Australia.
- 44St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Australia.
- 45Western Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
- 46Unicamp University Hospital, Brazil.
- 47Saint John Regional Hospital, Canada.
- 48Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Canada.
- 49Hospital Universitario Mayor Mederi-Universidad del Rosario, Colombia.
- 50University Hospital Fundacion Santafe de Bogota, Colombia.
- 51University Clinic of Erlangen, Germany.
- 52Medical Uinversity Goettingen, Germany.
- 53Klinikum Rechts der Isar der TU München, Germany.
- 54University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Germany.
- 55University Hospital Kiel, Germany.
- 56Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark.
- 57Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
- 58Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
- 59Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
- 60Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
- 61Hippokration General Hospital University of Athens, Greece.
- 62Laikon General Hospital, Greece.
- 63St. Savvas Cancer Hospital, Greece.
- 64Beaumont Hospital, Ireland.
- 65University Hospital Galway, Ireland.
- 66Mercy University Hospital, Ireland.
- 67St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
- 68St. Orsola Hospital- University of Bologna, Italy.
- 69Polyclinic Hospital University of Catania, Italy.
- 70University of Milano, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Department of General and Foregut Surgery, Italy.
- 71Padova University Hospital - Clinica Chirurgica 3, Italy.
- 72Padova University Hospital- General Surgery Department, Italy.
- 73Verona Borgo Trento Hospital, Italy.
- 74Shizioka Cancer Center, Japan.
- 75Chest Diseases Hospital, Kuwait.
- 76Tripoli, Libya.
- 77National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico.
- 78University Malaya Medical Center, Malaysia.
- 79Carez Hospital & University of Port-Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.
- 80Elisabeth-TweeSteden Ziekenhuis Hospital, Netherlands.
- 81Radboudumc, Netherlands.
- 82Middlemore Hospital, New Zealand.
- 83Palmerston North Hospital, New Zealand.
- 84Tauranga Hospital, Bay of Plenty District Health Board, New Zealand.
- 85Aga Khan University Hospital, Pakistan.
- 86Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 87Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 88Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Center Lahore, Pakistan.
- 89Centro Hospitalar São João, Portugal.
- 90Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Portugal.
- 91Coimbra University Hospital, Portugal.
- 92Hospital Santa Maria, Portugal.
- 93Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto, Portugal.
- 94University Emergency Cluj County Hospital, Romania.
- 95Emergency County Hospital of Craiova, Romania.
- 96Marius Nasta' National Institute of Pneumology, Romania.
- 97St. Mary Clinical Hospital, Romania.
- 98Tyumen Regional Hospital, Russia.
- 99Department for Minimally Invasive Upper Digestive Surgery, University Hospital for Digestive Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
- 100National University Hospital, Singapore.
- 101University Hospital Maribor, Slovenia.
- 102University Hospital of Basurto Bilbao, Spain.
- 103Hospital Universitario del Mar, Spain.
- 104Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
- 105Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Spain.
- 106Hospital General Universitario De Ciudad Real, Spain.
- 107Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Spain.
- 108Hospital Universitario Río Hortega de Valladolid, Spain.
- 109Shaab Teaching Hospital, Sudan.
- 110University Hospital Linköping, Sweden.
- 111Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden.
- 112Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.
- 113Triemli Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
- 114Ankara Numune Hospital, Turkey.
- 115Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey.
- 116Hacettepe University Hospital, Turkey.
- 117University of Health Sciences, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Turkey.
- 118Usak University Training and Research Hospital, Turkey.
- 119Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
- 120Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
- 121Barking Havering and Redbridge NHS Trust, UK.
- 122Royal Bournemouth Hospital, UK.
- 123Bradford Royal Infirmary, UK.
- 124University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
- 125Castle Hill Hospital, UK.
- 126University Hospital of Coventry, UK.
- 127University Hospital Crosshouse, UK.
- 128Royal Derby Hospital, UK.
- 129Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, UK.
- 130Glasgow Royal Infirmary, UK.
- 131Gloucester Royal Hospital, UK.
- 132Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, UK.
- 133Heartlands Hospital, UK.
- 134James Cook University Hospital, UK.
- 135Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
- 136Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK.
- 137University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, UK.
- 138Royal Marsden Hospital, UK.
- 139Ninewells Hospital, UK.
- 140Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, UK.
- 141University Hospital of North Midlands, UK.
- 142Nottingham University Hospital, UK.
- 143Oxford University Hospitals, UK.
- 144Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, UK.
- 145Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK.
- 146Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, UK.
- 147Salford Royal Foundation Trust, UK.
- 148Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
- 149University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
- 150University College Hospital, UK.
- 151University Hospital of Wales, UK.
- 152Watford General Hospital, UK.
- 153University Hospital Wishaw, UK.
- 154Mayo Clinic in Florida, USA.
- 155Rush University Medical Center, USA.
- 156Thomas Jefferson University, USA.
- 157University of Colorado Hospital, USA.
- 158Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil.
- 159Health Sciences Center Winnipeg, Canada.
- 160Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 161Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia.
- 162Medical University Goettingen, Germany.
- 163Universitätklinium Leipzig, Germany.
- 164Padova University Hospital - Clinica Chirurgica, Italy.
- 165Center Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
- 166Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Malaysia.
- 167Erzincan University Hospital, Turkey.
- 168Belfast City Hospital, UK.
- 169Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
Abstract
Background: No evidence currently exists characterising global outcomes following major cancer surgery, including esophageal cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to characterise impact of high income countries (HIC) versus low and middle income countries (LMIC) on the outcomes following esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.
Method: This international multi-center prospective study across 137 hospitals in 41 countries included patients who underwent an esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, with 90-day follow-up. The main explanatory variable was country income, defined according to the World Bank Data classification. The primary outcome was 90-day postoperative mortality, and secondary outcomes were composite leaks (anastomotic leak or conduit necrosis) and major complications (Clavien-Dindo Grade III - V). Multivariable generalized estimating equation models were used to produce adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI95%).
Results: Between April 2018 to December 2018, 2247 patients were included. Patients from HIC were more significantly older, with higher ASA grade, and more advanced tumors. Patients from LMIC had almost three-fold increase in 90-day mortality, compared to HIC (9.4% vs 3.7%, p < 0.001). On adjusted analysis, LMIC were independently associated with higher 90-day mortality (OR: 2.31, CI95%: 1.17-4.55, p = 0.015). However, LMIC were not independently associated with higher rates of anastomotic leaks (OR: 1.06, CI95%: 0.57-1.99, p = 0.9) or major complications (OR: 0.85, CI95%: 0.54-1.32, p = 0.5), compared to HIC.
Conclusion: Resections in LMIC were independently associated with higher 90-day postoperative mortality, likely reflecting a failure to rescue of these patients following esophagectomy, despite similar composite anastomotic leaks and major complication rates to HIC. These findings warrant further research, to identify potential issues and solutions to improve global outcomes following esophagectomy for cancer.
Keywords: Anastomotic leak; Esophagectomy; Global surgery; Postoperative mortality.
Conflict of interest statement
Declaration of competing interest None declared.
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