Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes among Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: Findings from the World Heart Federation COVID-19 Study
Dorairaj Prabhakaran 1, Kavita Singh 2 3, Dimple Kondal 4, Lana Raspail 5, Bishav Mohan 6, Toru Kato 7 8, Nizal Sarrafzadegan 9, Shamim Hayder Talukder 10, Shahin Akter 11, Mohammad Robed Amin 12, Fastone Goma 13, Juan Gomez-Mesa 14, Ntobeko Ntusi 15, Francisca Inofomoh 16, Surender Deora 17, Evgenii Philippov 18, Alla Svarovskaya 19, Alexandra Konradi 20, Aurelio Puentes 21, Okechukwu S Ogah 22, Bojan Stanetic 23, Aurora Issa 24, Friedrich Thienemann 25, Dafsah Juzar 26 27, Ezequiel Zaidel 28, Sana Sheikh 29, Dike Ojji 30, Carolyn S P Lam 31 32, Junbo Ge 33, Amitava Banerjee 34, L Kristin Newby 35, Antonio Luiz P Ribeiro 36, Samuel Gidding 5, Fausto Pinto 37, Pablo Perel 38, Karen Sliwa 39; WHF COVID-19 Study Collaborators
Affiliations
Affiliations
- Public Health Foundation India, Centre for Chronic Disease Control, World Heart Federation, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, GB.
- 2Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, Haryana, India, and Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, IN.
- 3Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
- 4Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, IN.
- 5World Heart Federation, Geneva, CH.
- 6Department of Cardiology, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN.
- 7Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Tochigi Medical Centre, JP.
- 8Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, JP.
- 9Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran & School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CA.
- 10Kuwait Bangladesh Friendship Government Hospital, BD.
- 11National Coordinator, Eminence, Bangladesh.
- 12Dhaka Medical College Hospital, BD.
- 13Centre for Primary Care Research/Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, ZM.
- 14Head. Cardiology Service. Fundación Valle del Lili. Cali, CO.
- 15Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, ZA.
- 16Internal Medicine Department, Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, PMB 2001, Sagamu, NG.
- 17Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, IN.
- 18Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan emergency hospital, 85 Stroykova street, Ryazan, RU.
- 19Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, RU.
- 20Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St.Petersburg, RU.
- 21ISSSTE Clínica Hospital de Guanajuato, Cerro del Hormiguero S/N, Maria de la Luz, 36000 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico, AS.
- 22Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, and University College Hospital Ibadan, NG.
- 23Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre of the Republic of Srpska, BA.
- 24Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, BR.
- 25Cape Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa and Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, CH.
- 26National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita Hospital, Jakarta, ID.
- 27Department Cardiology & Vascular medicine, University of Indonesia, ID.
- 28Cardiology department, Sanatorio Güemes, and Pharmacology department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires. Acuña de Figueroa 1228 (1180AAX), Buenos Aires, AR.
- 29Department of clinical Research, Tabba Heart Institute. ST-1, block 2, Federal B area, Karachi, PK.
- 30Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Abuja, and University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, NG.
- 31National Heart Center Singapore and Duke-National University of Singapore, SG.
- 32Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, NL.
- 33Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University. Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, CN.
- 34University College London, GB.
- 35Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, US.
- 36Cardiology Service and Telehealth Center, Hospital das Clínicas, and Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, BR.
- 37Santa Maria University Hospital, CAML, CCUL, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, PT.
- 38Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, World Heart Federation, CH.
- 39Cape Heart Institute, Department of Medicine & Cardiology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa, World Heart Federation, CH.
Abstract
Background and aims: Limited data exist on the cardiovascular manifestations and risk factors in people hospitalized with COVID-19 from low- and middle-income countries. This study aims to describe cardiovascular risk factors, clinical manifestations, and outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in low, lower-middle, upper-middle- and high-income countries (LIC, LMIC, UMIC, HIC).
Methods: Through a prospective cohort study, data on demographics and pre-existing conditions at hospital admission, clinical outcomes at hospital discharge (death, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), renal failure, neurological events, and pulmonary outcomes), 30-day vital status, and re-hospitalization were collected. Descriptive analyses and multivariable log-binomial regression models, adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity/income groups, and clinical characteristics, were performed.
Results: Forty hospitals from 23 countries recruited 5,313 patients with COVID-19 (LIC = 7.1%, LMIC = 47.5%, UMIC = 19.6%, HIC = 25.7%). Mean age was 57.0 (±16.1) years, male 59.4%, pre-existing conditions included: hypertension 47.3%, diabetes 32.0%, coronary heart disease 10.9%, and heart failure 5.5%. The most frequently reported cardiovascular discharge diagnoses were cardiac arrest (5.5%), acute heart failure (3.8%), and myocardial infarction (1.6%). The rate of in-hospital deaths was 12.9% (N = 683), and post-discharge 30 days deaths was 2.6% (N = 118) (overall death rate 15.1%). The most common causes of death were respiratory failure (39.3%) and sudden cardiac death (20.0%). The predictors of overall mortality included older age (≥60 years), male sex, pre-existing coronary heart disease, renal disease, diabetes, ICU admission, oxygen therapy, and higher respiratory rates (p < 0.001 for each). Compared to Caucasians, Asians, Blacks, and Hispanics had almost 2-4 times higher risk of death. Further, patients from LIC, LMIC, UMIC versus. HIC had 2-3 times increased risk of death.
Conclusions: The LIC, LMIC, and UMIC's have sparse data on COVID-19. We provide robust evidence on COVID-19 outcomes in these countries. This study can help guide future health care planning for the pandemic globally.
Keywords: COVID-19; cardiovascular disease; mortality.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors have no competing interests to declare.
Figures
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