1Neurotrauma and Brain Barriers Research Laboratory, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. Adam_Chodobski@brown.edu.
2FLUID Team and BIP Facility, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, Lyon, France.
3Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK.
4Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait.
5Brain-i, Lyon, France.
6Neurotrauma and Brain Barriers Research Laboratory, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
7Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
8Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
This article highlights the scientific achievements, professional career, and personal interactions of Malcolm B. Segal who passed away in July this year. Born in 1937 in Goodmayes, Essex, UK, Segal rose to the Chairman position in the Division of Physiology at United Medical and Dental School of Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, retiring in 2006 after his long professional career in biomedical science. Being trained in Hugh Davson's laboratory, Segal became one of the pioneers in research on cerebrospinal fluid physiology and the choroid plexus. During the course of his career, Segal himself trained a number of young scientists and collaborated with many colleagues around the world, making long-lasting friendships along the way. In addition to his professional accomplishments as a researcher and educator, Segal was an avid sailor and wine connoisseur, and enjoyed teaching classes on navigation and wine tasting.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Liu R, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Liao J, Wang Y, Liu J, Lin Z, Xiao G.Front Mol Neurosci. 2022 Oct 21;15:949231. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.949231. eCollection 2022.PMID: 36340696 Free PMC article. Review.
Davson H, Segal MB. The effects of some inhibitors and accelerators of sodium transport on the turnover of 22Na in the cerebrospinal fluid and the brain. J Physiol. 1970;209:131–153. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009159. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Davson H, Segal MB. Effect of cerebrospinal fluid on volume of distribution of extracellular markers. Brain. 1969;92:131–136. doi: 10.1093/brain/92.1.131. - DOI - PubMed
Davson H, Hollingsworth G, Segal MB. The mechanism of drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid. Brain. 1970;93:665–678. doi: 10.1093/brain/93.4.665. - DOI - PubMed
Csáky TZ, Rigor BM. The choroid plexus as a glucose barrier. Prog Brain Res. 1968;29:147–158. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)64153-9. - DOI - PubMed
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Welch K, Sadler K, Hendee R. Cooperative phenomena in the permeation of sugars through the lining epithelium of choroid plexus. Brain Res. 1970;19:465–482. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(70)90389-6. - DOI - PubMed
Deane R, Segal MB. The transport of sugars across the perfused choroid plexus of the sheep. J Physiol. 1985;362:245–260. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015674. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Deane R, Segal MB. The effect of vascular perfusion of the choroid plexus on the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid. J Physiol. 1979;293:18P–19P. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012908. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bradbury MWB, Deane R, Segal MB, Westrop RJ. Recovery of [125I] albumin in deep cervical lymph of the sheep after intraventricular injection. J Physiol. 1980;305:52P.
Bradbury MW, Cserr HF, Westrop RJ. Drainage of cerebral interstitial fluid into deep cervical lymph of the rabbit. Am J Physiol. 1981;240:F329–F336. - PubMed
Harling-Berg C, Knopf PM, Merriam J, Cserr HF. Role of cervical lymph nodes in the systemic humoral immune response to human serum albumin microinfused into rat cerebrospinal fluid. J Neuroimmunol. 1989;25:185–193. doi: 10.1016/0165-5728(89)90136-7. - DOI - PubMed
Preston JE, Segal MB, Walley GJ, Zlokovic BV. Neutral amino acid uptake by the isolated perfused sheep choroid plexus. J Physiol. 1989;408:31–43. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017444. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Segal MB, Preston JE, Zlokovic B. Comparison between blood and saline perfusion on the uptake of amino acids by choroid plexus of the sheep. Endocrinol Exp. 1990;24:29–36. - PubMed
Segal MB, Preston JE, Collis CS, Zlokovic BV. Kinetics and Na independence of amino acid uptake by blood side of perfused sheep choroid plexus. Am J Physiol. 1990;258:F1288–F1294. - PubMed
Preston JE, Segal MB. The steady-state amino acid fluxes across the perfused choroid plexus of the sheep. Brain Res. 1990;525:275–279. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90874-B. - DOI - PubMed
Preston JE, Segal MB. The uptake of anionic and cationic amino acids by the isolated perfused sheep choroid plexus. Brain Res. 1992;581:351–355. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90731-N. - DOI - PubMed
Al-Sarraf H, Preston JE, Segal MB. The entry of acidic amino acids into brain and CSF during development, using in situ perfusion in the rat. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1995;90:151–158. doi: 10.1016/0165-3806(96)83495-X. - DOI - PubMed
Preston JE, al-Sarraf H, Segal MB. Permeability of the developing blood-brain barrier to 14C-mannitol using the rat in situ brain perfusion technique. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1995;87(1):69–76. doi: 10.1016/0165-3806(95)00060-Q. - DOI - PubMed
Al-Sarraf H, Preston JE, Segal MB. Changes in the kinetics of the acidic amino acid brain and CSF uptake during development in the rat. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1997;102:127–134. doi: 10.1016/S0165-3806(97)00089-8. - DOI - PubMed
Al-Sarraf H, Preston JE, Segal MB. Acidic amino acid clearance from CSF in the neonatal versus adult rat using ventriculo-cisternal perfusion. J Neurochem. 2000;74:770–776. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.740770.x. - DOI - PubMed
Preston JE, Segal MB. Saturable uptake of [125I]L-triiodothyronine at the basolateral (blood) and apical (cerebrospinal fluid) sides of the isolated perfused sheep choroid plexus. Brain Res. 1992;592:84–90. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91661-W. - DOI - PubMed
Zheng W, Deane R, Redzic Z, Preston JE, Segal MB. Transport of L-[125I]thyroxine by in situ perfused ovine choroid plexus: inhibition by lead exposure. J Toxicol Environ Health. 2003;66:435–451. doi: 10.1080/15287390306451. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kassem NA, Deane R, Segal MB, Chen R, Preston JE. Thyroxine (T4) transfer from CSF to choroid plexus and ventricular brain regions in rabbit: contributory role of P-glycoprotein and organic anion transporting polypeptides. Brain Res. 2007;1181:44–50. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.08.052. - DOI - PubMed
Chen RL, Kassem NA, Redzic ZB, Chen CP, Segal MB, Preston JE. Age-related changes in choroid plexus and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier function in the sheep. Exp Gerontol. 2009;44:289–296. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.12.004. - DOI - PubMed
Chodobski A, Szmydynger-Chodobska J, Segal MB, McPherson IA. The role of angiotensin II in regulation of cerebrospinal fluid formation in rabbits. Brain Res. 1992;594:40–46. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91027-C. - DOI - PubMed
Segal MB, Chodobski A, Szmydynger-Chodobska J, Cammish H. Effect of arginine vasopressin on blood vessels of the perfused choroid plexus of the sheep. Prog Brain Res. 1992;91:451–453. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62366-3. - DOI - PubMed
Chodobski A, Szmydynger-Chodobska J, Segal MB, McPherson IA. Effect of central administration of angiotensin II on cerebrospinal fluid formation in rabbits. Prog Brain Res. 1992;91:19–22. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)62311-0. - DOI - PubMed
Redzic ZB, Segal MB, Marković ID, Gasić JM, Vidović V, Rakić LM. The characteristics of basolateral nucleoside transport in the perfused sheep choroid plexus and the effect of nitric oxide inhibition on these processes. Brain Res. 1997;767:26–33. doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00530-1. - DOI - PubMed
Markovic I, Segal M, Djuricic B, Redzic Z. Kinetics of nucleoside uptake by the basolateral side of the sheep choroid plexus epithelium perfused in situ. Exp Physiol. 2008;93:325–333. doi: 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.040980. - DOI - PubMed
Redzic ZB, Isakovic AJ, Misirlic Dencic ST, Popadic D, Segal MB. Uneven distribution of nucleoside transporters and intracellular enzymatic degradation prevent transport of intact [14C] adenosine across the sheep choroid plexus epithelium as a monolayer in primary culture. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2006;3:4. doi: 10.1186/1743-8454-3-4. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Isakovic AJ, Dencic SM, Segal MB, Redzic ZB. Transport of [14C] hypoxanthine by sheep choroid plexus epithelium as a monolayer in primary culture: Na+-dependent and Na+-independent uptake by the apical membrane and rapid intracellular metabolic conversion to nucleotides. Neurosci Lett. 2008;431:135–140. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.11.029. - DOI - PubMed
Isakovic AJ, Segal MB, Milojkovic BA, Dacevic MP, Misirlic ST, Rakic ML, Redzic ZB. The efflux of purine nucleobases and nucleosides from the rat brain. Neurosci Lett. 2002;318:65–68. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02478-8. - DOI - PubMed
Davson H, Welch K, Segal MB. The Physiology and pathology of the cerebrospinal fluid. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1987.
Davson H, Segal MB. Physiology of the CSF and blood-brain barriers. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1996.