Burden of injury along the development spectrum: associations between the Socio-demographic Index and disability-adjusted life year estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Juanita A Haagsma 1, Spencer L James 2, Chris D Castle 3, Zachary V Dingels 3, Jack T Fox 3, Erin B Hamilton 3, Zichen Liu 3, Lydia R Lucchesi 3, Nicholas L S Roberts 3, Dillon O Sylte 3, Oladimeji M Adebayo 4, Alireza Ahmadi 5, Muktar Beshir Ahmed 6, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour 7, Fares Alahdab 8, Suliman A Alghnam 9, Syed Mohamed Aljunid 10 11, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi 12, Ubai Alsharif 13, Khalid Altirkawi 14, Mina Anjomshoa 15, Carl Abelardo T Antonio 16 17, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah 18 19, Olatunde Aremu 20, Amit Arora 21 22, Hamid Asayesh 23, Reza Assadi 24, Ashish Awasthi 25, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla 26 27, Shivanthi Balalla 28, Amrit Banstola 29, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo 30, Till Winfried Bärnighausen 31 32, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi 33 34, Neeraj Bedi 35, Masoud Behzadifar 36, Meysam Behzadifar 37, Corina Benjet 38, Derrick A Bennett 39, Isabela M Bensenor 40, Soumyadeep Bhaumik 41, Zulfiqar A Bhutta 42 43, Ali Bijani 44, Guilherme Borges 38, Rohan Borschmann 45 46, Dipan Bose 47, Soufiane Boufous 48, Alexandra Brazinova 49, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon 50 51, Rosario Cárdenas 52, Juan J Carrero 53, Félix Carvalho 54, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela 55 56, Ferrán Catalá-López 57 58, Jee-Young J Choi 59, Devasahayam J Christopher 60, Christopher Stephen Crowe 61, Koustuv Dalal 62 63, Ahmad Daryani 64, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu 65 66, Louisa Degenhardt 3 67, Diego De Leo 68, Jan-Walter De Neve 31, Kebede Deribe 69 70, Getenet Ayalew Dessie 71, Gabrielle Aline deVeber 72, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne 3 73, Linh Phuong Doan 74, Kate A Dolan 75, Tim Robert Driscoll 76, Manisha Dubey 77, Ziad El-Khatib 78 79, Christian Lycke Ellingsen 80, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki 81, Aman Yesuf Endries 82, Sharareh Eskandarieh 83, Andre Faro 84, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad 85 86, Eduarda Fernandes 87, Irina Filip 88 89, Florian Fischer 90, Richard Charles Franklin 91, Takeshi Fukumoto 92 93, Kebede Embaye Gezae 94, Tiffany K Gill 95, Alessandra C Goulart 96 97, Ayman Grada 98, Yuming Guo 99 100, Rahul Gupta 101 102, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli 103, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian 104 105, Arya Haj-Mirzaian 104 106, Randah R Hamadeh 107, Samer Hamidi 108, Josep Maria Haro 109 110, Hadi Hassankhani 111 112, Hamid Yimam Hassen 113 114, Rasmus Havmoeller 115, Delia Hendrie 116, Andualem Henok 113, Martha Híjar 117 118, Michael K Hole 119, Enayatollah Homaie Rad 120 121, Naznin Hossain 122 123, Sorin Hostiuc 124 125, Guoqing Hu 126, Ehimario U Igumbor 127 128, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi 129, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani 130, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam 131 132, Rebecca Q Ivers 133, Kathryn H Jacobsen 134, Nader Jahanmehr 135 136, Mihajlo Jakovljevic 137, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke 138 139, Ravi Prakash Jha 140, Jost B Jonas 141 142, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari 143, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak 144, Mikk Jürisson 145, Ali Kabir 146, Rizwan Kalani 147, Amir Kasaeian 148 149, Abraham Getachew Kelbore 150, Andre Pascal Kengne 151 152, Yousef Saleh Khader 153, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie 154, Nauman Khalid 155, Ejaz Ahmad Khan 156, Abdullah T Khoja 157 158, Aliasghar A Kiadaliri 159, Young-Eun Kim 160, Daniel Kim 161, Adnan Kisa 162, Ai Koyanagi 163 164, Barthelemy Kuate Defo 165 166, Burcu Kucuk Bicer 167 168, Manasi Kumar 169 170, Ratilal Lalloo 171, Hilton Lam 172, Faris Hasan Lami 173, Van C Lansingh 174 175, Janet L Leasher 176, Shanshan Li 99, Shai Linn 177, Raimundas Lunevicius 178 179, Flavia R Machado 180, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek 181, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek 182, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra 183, Marek Majdan 184, Azeem Majeed 185, Reza Malekzadeh 186 187, Manzoor Ahmad Malik 188 189, Deborah Carvalho Malta 190, Ana-Laura Manda 191, Mohammad Ali Mansournia 192, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg 61, Pallab K Maulik 193 194, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Meheretu 71 195, Man Mohan Mehndiratta 196 197, Addisu Melese 198, Walter Mendoza 199, Melkamu Merid Mengesha 200, Tuomo J Meretoja 201 202, Atte Meretoja 203 204, Tomislav Mestrovic 205 206, Tomasz Miazgowski 207, Ted R Miller 116 208, G K Mini 209 210, Erkin M Mirrakhimov 211 212, Babak Moazen 31 213, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji 214, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh 215, Shafiu Mohammed 31 216, Mariam Molokhia 217, Lorenzo Monasta 218, Stefania Mondello 219 220, Pablo A Montero-Zamora 221 222, Yoshan Moodley 223, Mahmood Moosazadeh 224, Ghobad Moradi 225 226, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh 227, Lidia Morawska 228, Ilais Moreno Velásquez 229, Shane Douglas Morrison 230, Marilita M Moschos 231 232, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi 233 234, Srinivas Murthy 235, Kamarul Imran Musa 236, Gurudatta Naik 237, Farid Najafi 238, Vinay Nangia 239, Bruno Ramos Nascimento 240, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe 241, Ionut Negoi 65 242, Trang Huyen Nguyen 243, Son Hoang Nguyen 243, Long Hoang Nguyen 243, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen 244, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum 245 246, Yirga Legesse Nirayo 247, Richard Ofori-Asenso 248 249, Felix Akpojene Ogbo 250, In-Hwan Oh 251, Olanrewaju Oladimeji 252 253, Andrew T Olagunju 254 255, Tinuke O Olagunju 256, Pedro R Olivares 257, Heather M Orpana 258 259, Stanislav S Otstavnov 260 261, Mahesh P A 262, Smita Pakhale 263, Eun-Kee Park 264, George C Patton 265 266, Konrad Pesudovs 267, Michael R Phillips 268 269, Suzanne Polinder 1, Swayam Prakash 270, Amir Radfar 271 272, Anwar Rafay 273, Alireza Rafiei 274 275, Siavash Rahimi 276, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar 277, Muhammad Aziz Rahman 278 279, Rajesh Kumar Rai 280 281, Kiana Ramezanzadeh 282, Salman Rawaf 185 283, David Laith Rawaf 284 285, Andre M N Renzaho 250 286, Serge Resnikoff 287 288, Shahab Rezaeian 289, Leonardo Roever 290, Luca Ronfani 218, Gholamreza Roshandel 186 291, Yogesh Damodar Sabde 292, Basema Saddik 293, Payman Salamati 277, Yahya Salimi 238 294, Inbal Salz 295, Abdallah M Samy 296, Juan Sanabria 297 298, Lidia Sanchez Riera 299 300, Milena M Santric Milicevic 301 302, Maheswar Satpathy 303 304, Monika Sawhney 305, Susan M Sawyer 45 265, Sonia Saxena 306, Mete Saylan 307, Ione J C Schneider 308, David C Schwebel 309, Soraya Seedat 310, Sadaf G Sepanlou 186 187, Masood Ali Shaikh 311, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand 312 313, Morteza Shamsizadeh 314, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini 277, Aziz Sheikh 315 316, Jiabin Shen 317, Mika Shigematsu 318, Rahman Shiri 319, Ivy Shiue 320, João Pedro Silva 54, Jasvinder A Singh 321 322, Dhirendra Narain Sinha 323 324, Adauto Martins Soares Filho 325, Joan B Soriano 326 327, Sergey Soshnikov 328, Ireneous N Soyiri 329 330, Vladimir I Starodubov 331, Dan J Stein 324 332, Mark A Stokes 333, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan 334, Jacob E Sunshine 335, Bryan L Sykes 336, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos 337 338, Karen M Tabb 339, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi 227 340, Gizachew Assefa Tessema 341 342, Jarnail Singh Thakur 343, Khanh Bao Tran 344 345, Bach Xuan Tran 346, Lorainne Tudor Car 347, Olalekan A Uthman 348, Benjamin S Chudi Uzochukwu 349, Pascual R Valdez 350 351, Elena Varavikova 352, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos 353 354, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian 355 356, Francesco S Violante 357 358, Vasily Vlassov 359, Yasir Waheed 360, Yuan-Pang Wang 361, Tissa Wijeratne 362 363, Andrea Sylvia Winkler 364 365, Priyanka Yadav 366, Yuichiro Yano 367, Muluken Azage Yenesew 195, Paul Yip 368 369, Engida Yisma 370, Naohiro Yonemoto 371, Mustafa Z Younis 372 373, Chuanhua Yu 374 375, Shamsa Zafar 376, Zoubida Zaidi 377, Sojib Bin Zaman 378 379, Mohammad Zamani 380, Yong Zhao 381, Sanjay Zodpey 382, Simon I Hay 3 383, Alan D Lopez 3 384, Ali H Mokdad 3 383, Theo Vos 3 383
Affiliations
Affiliations
- 1Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- 2Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA spencj@uw.edu.
- 3Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- 4Department of Medicine, University College Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- 5Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 6Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- 7Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria.
- 8Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
- 9Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 10Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
- 11International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia.
- 12Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- 13Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
- 14King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 15Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
- 16Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
- 17Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- 18Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
- 19Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
- 20School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
- 21School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 22Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 23Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
- 24Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- 25Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India.
- 26The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 27General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru.
- 28School of Public Health, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
- 29Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal.
- 30School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- 31Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 32T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- 33Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA.
- 34Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
- 35Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India.
- 36Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
- 37Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
- 38Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico.
- 39Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- 40Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- 41The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India.
- 42Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 43Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
- 44Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 45Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 46School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 47Transport & Digital Development, World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
- 48Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 49Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
- 50National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
- 51School of Medicine, University of the Valley of Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
- 52Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico.
- 53Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 54UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 55Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia.
- 56Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.
- 57National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
- 58Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- 59Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
- 60Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India.
- 61Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- 62Institute of Public Health Kalyani, Kalyani, India.
- 63School of Health Science, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden.
- 64Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 65Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 66Department of Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital Sf. Pantelimon, Bucharest, Romania.
- 67National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 68Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia.
- 69Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
- 70School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 71Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
- 72Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 73Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
- 74Center of Excellence in Health Service Management, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
- 75University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 76Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 77United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India.
- 78Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 79World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada.
- 80Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
- 81Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
- 82Public Health Department, Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 83Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 84Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil.
- 85Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 86Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- 87REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 88Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California, USA.
- 89School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA.
- 90Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
- 91College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia.
- 92Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
- 93Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
- 94Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 95Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- 96Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- 97Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- 98School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- 99School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 100Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- 101March of Dimes, Arlington, Virginia, USA.
- 102School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
- 103Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
- 104Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 105Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 106Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
- 107Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
- 108School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
- 109Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain.
- 110Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain.
- 111School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 112Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran.
- 113Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia.
- 114Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
- 115Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 116School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
- 117Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
- 118CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
- 119Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
- 120Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- 121Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- 122Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 123Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh.
- 124Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 125Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania.
- 126Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- 127School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 128Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa.
- 129Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- 130Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 131Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
- 132Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 133Injury Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.
- 134Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.
- 135School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 136Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 137Department for Health Care and Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
- 138Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
- 139Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
- 140Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
- 141Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- 142Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China.
- 143Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 144Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland.
- 145Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
- 146Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 147Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- 148Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 149Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 150Department of Dermatology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
- 151Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 152Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 153Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan.
- 154Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- 155School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 156Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- 157Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 158Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
- 159Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- 160Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
- 161Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- 162School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway.
- 163CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain.
- 164Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
- 165Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- 166Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- 167Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey.
- 168Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
- 169Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
- 170Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
- 171School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- 172Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines.
- 173Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
- 174HelpMeSee, New York City, New York, USA.
- 175International Relations Department, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico.
- 176College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
- 177School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
- 178Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
- 179Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- 180Anesthesiology, Pain and Intensive Care Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- 181Radiology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
- 182Ophthalmology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt.
- 183Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
- 184Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
- 185Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- 186Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 187Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- 188Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Haridwar, India.
- 189Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
- 190Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- 191Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
- 192Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 193Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India.
- 194School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 195School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 196Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India.
- 197Neurology Department, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.
- 198Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 199Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru.
- 200Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
- 201Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- 202University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- 203Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- 204School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 205Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia.
- 206University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia.
- 207Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
- 208Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA.
- 209Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India.
- 210Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India.
- 211Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
- 212Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
- 213Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany.
- 214Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 215Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 216Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
- 217Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
- 218Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.
- 219Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
- 220Department of Neurology, Oasi Research Institute, Troina, Italy.
- 221Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
- 222Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
- 223Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- 224Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 225Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- 226Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- 227Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 228International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- 229Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama.
- 230Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- 2311st Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- 232Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- 233Health Management Reserach Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 234Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 235Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- 236School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.
- 237Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
- 238Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 239Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.
- 240Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- 241Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 242General Surgery Department, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
- 243Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
- 244Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 245Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia.
- 246Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
- 247Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 248Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 249Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana.
- 250Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
- 251Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea.
- 252HAST, Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa.
- 253School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Osakhati, Namibia.
- 254Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- 255Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
- 256Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- 257Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Autonomous University of Chile, Talca, Chile.
- 258Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- 259School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- 260Analytical Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
- 261Committee for the Comprehensive Assessment of Medical Devices and Information Technology, Health Technology Assessment Association, Moscow, Russia.
- 262Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India.
- 263Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- 264Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea.
- 265Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 266Population Health Department, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 267School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 268Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- 269Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA.
- 270Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
- 271College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.
- 272College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA.
- 273Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 274Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 275Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 276Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 277Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 278School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
- 279National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia.
- 280Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India.
- 281Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- 282Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 283Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK.
- 284WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- 285University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
- 286School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
- 287Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 288Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France.
- 289Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 290Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.
- 291Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
- 292National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal, India.
- 293College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- 294Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 295Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand.
- 296Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 297Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, USA.
- 298Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
- 299Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.
- 300Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, New South Wales, Australia.
- 301Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
- 302Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
- 303UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India.
- 304Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India.
- 305Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
- 306School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- 307Market Access Department, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey.
- 308School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil.
- 309Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
- 310Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 311Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.
- 312School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran.
- 313School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- 314Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 315Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- 316Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- 317Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- 318National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
- 319Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
- 320Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
- 321Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
- 322Medicine Service, US Department of Veteran Affairs, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
- 323Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India.
- 324Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India.
- 325Department of Diseases and Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion, Federal Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil.
- 326Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- 327Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
- 328Department of Research Development, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russia.
- 329Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, UK.
- 330Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- 331Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russia.
- 332Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 333Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
- 334Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
- 335Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- 336Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
- 337Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
- 338Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain.
- 339School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
- 340Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 341Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- 342School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- 343School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
- 344Molecular Medicine and Pathology Department, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- 345Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 346Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 347Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
- 348Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- 349Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.
- 350Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- 351Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- 352Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russia.
- 353Department of Statistics, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
- 354Directorate of Social Studies and Policies, Federal District Planning Company, Brasília, Brazil.
- 355Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore.
- 356Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
- 357Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- 358Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
- 359Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
- 360Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- 361Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- 362Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 363Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia.
- 364Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- 365Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- 366Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
- 367Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
- 368Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- 369Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- 370School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 371Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
- 372Health Economics & Finance, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
- 373School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- 374Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- 375Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- 376Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- 377Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria.
- 378Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 379Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 380Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 381School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- 382Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.
- 383Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- 384University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Queensland, Australia.
Abstract
Background: The epidemiological transition of non-communicable diseases replacing infectious diseases as the main contributors to disease burden has been well documented in global health literature. Less focus, however, has been given to the relationship between sociodemographic changes and injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from injury for 195 countries and territories at different levels along the development spectrum between 1990 and 2017 based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 estimates.
Methods: Injury mortality was estimated using the GBD mortality database, corrections for garbage coding and CODEm-the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on surveys and inpatient and outpatient data sets for 30 cause-of-injury with 47 nature-of-injury categories each. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) is a composite indicator that includes lagged income per capita, average educational attainment over age 15 years and total fertility rate.
Results: For many causes of injury, age-standardised DALY rates declined with increasing SDI, although road injury, interpersonal violence and self-harm did not follow this pattern. Particularly for self-harm opposing patterns were observed in regions with similar SDI levels. For road injuries, this effect was less pronounced.
Conclusions: The overall global pattern is that of declining injury burden with increasing SDI. However, not all injuries follow this pattern, which suggests multiple underlying mechanisms influencing injury DALYs. There is a need for a detailed understanding of these patterns to help to inform national and global efforts to address injury-related health outcomes across the development spectrum.
Keywords: burden of disease; descriptive epidemiology; epidemiology.
Conflict of interest statement
Competing interests: Dr. Carl Abelardo T Antonio reports personal fees from Johnson & Johnson (Philippines), Inc., outside the submitted work. Dr. Jasvinder Singh reports personal fees from Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM LLC, Medscape, WebMD, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Spherix, the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology, stock options in Amarin pharmaceuticals and Viking pharmaceuticals, participating in the steering committee of OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm’s length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, including Amgen, Janssen, Novartis, Roche, UCB Group, Ardea/Astra Zeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, EliLilly, Horizon Pharma, Pfizer, and Centrexion. Dr. Josep Maria Haro reports personal fees from Roche and Lundbeck, and that the institute for which they work provides services to Eli Lilly and Co., outside the submitted work. Dr. Mete Saylan is an employee of Bayer AG, outside the submitted work. Dr Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam is funded by National Heart Foundation of Australia and supported by a senior research fellowship from Deakin University, outside the submitted work. Dr. Spencer James reports grants from Sanofi Pasteur, outside the submitted work.
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