Kuwait Medical Electronic Library

Real-world data using mHealth apps in rhinitis, rhinosinusitis and their multimorbidities

Bernardo Sousa-Pinto 1 2 3, Aram Anto 4, Markus Berger 5 6, Stephanie Dramburg 7, Oliver Pfaar 8, Ludger Klimek 9 10, Marek Jutel 11, Wienczyslawa Czarlewski 12, Anna Bedbrook 4 13, Arunas Valiulis 14, Ioana Agache 15, Rita Amaral 1 2 3, Ignacio J Ansotegui 16, Katharina Bastl 6, Uwe Berger 6, Karl C Bergmann 13 17, Sinthia Bosnic-Anticevich 18, Fulvio Braido 19, Luisa Brussino 20, Victoria Cardona 21, Thomas Casale 22, G Walter Canonica 23, Lorenzo Cecchi 24, Denis Charpin 25, Tomás Chivato 26, Derek K Chu 27, Cemal Cingi 28, Elisio M Costa 29, Alvaro A Cruz 30, Philippe Devillier 31, Stephen R Durham 32, Motohiro Ebisawa 33, Alessandro Fiocchi 34, Wytske J Fokkens 35, Bilun Gemicioğlu 36, Maia Gotua 37, Maria-Antonieta Guzmán 38, Tari Haahtela 39, Juan Carlos Ivancevich 40, Piotr Kuna 41, Igor Kaidashev 42, Musa Khaitov 43 44, Violeta Kvedariene 45, Désirée E Larenas-Linnemann 46, Brian Lipworth 47, Daniel Laune 48, Paolo M Matricardi 7, Mario Morais-Almeida 49, Joaquim Mullol 50, Robert Naclerio 51, Hugo Neffen 52, Kristoff Nekam 53, Marek Niedoszytko 54, Yoshitaka Okamoto 55, Nikolaos G Papadopoulos 56, Hae-Sim Park 57, Giovanni Passalacqua 58, Vincenzo Patella 59, Simone Pelosi 60, Nhân Pham-Thi 61, Ted A Popov 62, Frederico S Regateiro 63 64, Sietze Reitsma 35, Monica Rodriguez-Gonzales 65, Nelson Rosario 66, Philip W Rouadi 67 68, Boleslaw Samolinski 69, Ana Sá-Sousa 1 2 3, Joaquin Sastre 70, Aziz Sheikh 71, Charlotte Suppli Ulrik 72 73, Luis Taborda-Barata 74, Ana Todo-Bom 63, Peter Valentin Tomazic 75, Sanna Toppila-Salmi 39, Salvatore Tripodi 60 76, Ioanna Tsiligianni 77, Erkka Valovirta 78, Maria Teresa Ventura 79, Antonio A Valero 80, Rafael José Vieira 1 2 3, Dana Wallace 81, Susan Waserman 82, Sian Williams 83, Arzu Yorgancioglu 84, Luo Zhang 85, Mihaela Zidarn 86 87, Jaron Zuberbier 88, Heidi Olze 88, Josep M Antó 89 90 91 92, Torsten Zuberbier 13 17, João A Fonseca 1 2 3, Jean Bousquet 13 17 93

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Affiliations

MEDCIDS - Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
RISE - Health Research Network, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
MASK-air, Montpellier, France.
Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Department for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Rhinology and Allergy, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany.
Department of Clinical Immunology, Wrocław Medical University, ALL-MED Medical Research Institute, Wroclaw, Poland.
Medical Consulting Czarlewski, Levallois, France.
Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, Berlin, Germany.
Institute of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Medical Faculty of Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Transylvania University Brasov, Brasov, Romania.
Department of Allergy and Immunology, Hospital Quirónsalud Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain.
Institute of Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Quality Use of Respiratory Medicine Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.
Department of Medical Sciences, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Torino & Mauriziano Hospital, Torino, Italy.
Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Vall d'Hebron & ARADyAL Research Network, Barcelona, Spain.
Division of Allergy/immunology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan & Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.
SOS Allergology and Clinical Immunology, USL Toscana Centro, Prato, Italy.
Clinique des bronches, allergie et sommeil, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France.
School of Medicine, University CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact & Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Medical Faculty, ENT Department, Eskisehir, Turkey.
UCIBIO, REQUINTE, Faculty of Pharmacy and Competence Center on Active and Healthy Ageing of University of Porto (Porto4Ageing), Porto, Portugal.
Fundaçao ProAR, Federal University of Bahia and GARD/WHO Planning Group, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
VIM Suresnes, UMR 0892, Pôle des Maladies des Voies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, Université Paris-Saclay, Suresnes, France.
32Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, NHO Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan.
Division of Allergy, Department of Pediatric Medicine - The Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
Center of Allergy and Immunology, Georgian Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Immunology and Allergy Division, Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Servicio de Alergia e Immunologia, Clinica Santa Isabel, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Division of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine.
National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medicobiological Agency, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Moscow, Russia.
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest Diseases and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Center of Excellence in Asthma and Allergy, Médica Sur Clinical Foundation and Hospital, México City, Mexico.
Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, Cardiovascular & Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
KYomed INNOV, Montpellier, France.
Allergy Center, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal.
Rhinology Unit & Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, and Clinical & Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Director of Center of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Diseases, Santa Fe, Argentina.
Hospital of the Hospitaller Brothers in Buda, Budapest, Hungary.
Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
Chiba University Hospital and Chiba Rosai Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Polyclinic Hospital San Martino, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.
Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, "Santa Maria della Speranza" Hospital, Battipaglia, and Agency of Health ASL, Salerno, Italy.
TPS Production, Rome, Italy.
Ecole Polytechnique Palaiseau, IRBA (Institut de Recherche bio-Médicale des Armées), Bretigny, France.
University Hospital 'Sv Ivan Rilski', Sofia, Bulgaria.
Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra and Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Hospital Español de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
Hospital de Clinicas, University of Parana, Umuarama, Brazil.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.
Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dar Al Shifa Hospital, Salmiya, Kuwait.
Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, CIBERES, Faculty of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Institute of Cinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Department of Immunoallergology, Cova da Beira University Hospital Centre, and UBIAir - Clinical & Experimental Lung Centre and CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
Department of General ORL, H&NS, Medical University of Graz, ENT-University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria.
Allergy Unit, Policlinico Casilino, Rome, Italy.
Health Planning Unit, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece and International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG, Aberdeen, Scotland.
Department of Lung Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Turku and Terveystalo Allergy Clinic, Turku, Finland.
Unit of Geriatric Immunoallergology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
Pneumology and Allergy Department CIBERES and Clinical & Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
Department of Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
International Primary Care Respiratory Group IPCRG, Larbert, Scotland.
Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey.
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital and Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China.
University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Golnik, Slovenia.
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.
IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
University Hospital Montpellier, Montpellier, France.

01 November 2022

doi: 10.1002/clt2.12208

Abstract

Digital health is an umbrella term which encompasses eHealth and benefits from areas such as advanced computer sciences. eHealth includes mHealth apps, which offer the potential to redesign aspects of healthcare delivery. The capacity of apps to collect large amounts of longitudinal, real-time, real-world data enables the progression of biomedical knowledge. Apps for rhinitis and rhinosinusitis were searched for in the Google Play and Apple App stores, via an automatic market research tool recently developed using JavaScript. Over 1500 apps for allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis were identified, some dealing with multimorbidity. However, only six apps for rhinitis (AirRater, AllergyMonitor, AllerSearch, Husteblume, MASK-air and Pollen App) and one for rhinosinusitis (Galenus Health) have so far published results in the scientific literature. These apps were reviewed for their validation, discovery of novel allergy phenotypes, optimisation of identifying the pollen season, novel approaches in diagnosis and management (pharmacotherapy and allergen immunotherapy) as well as adherence to treatment. Published evidence demonstrates the potential of mobile health apps to advance in the characterisation, diagnosis and management of rhinitis and rhinosinusitis patients.

Keywords: allergic rhinitis; app; chronic rhinosinusitis; mHealth.

Conflict of interest statement

Ignacio J. Ansotegui reports personal fees from Roxall, personal fees from UCB, personal fees from Faes Farma, personal fees from Sanofi, personal fees from Bial, personal fees from Abbott, personal fees from Bayer, personal fees from Organon, outside the submitted work. Sinthia Bosnic‐Anticevich reports grants from TEVA, personal fees from TEVA, personal fees from TEVA, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Sanofi, personal fees from Mylan, outside the submitted work; Jean Bousquet reports personal fees from Chiesi, Cipla, Hikma, Menarini, Mundipharma, Mylan, Novartis, Purina, Sanofi‐Aventis, Takeda, Teva, Uriach, other from KYomed‐Innov, outside the submitted work. Victoria Cardona reports personal fees from ALK, personal fees from Allergopharma, personal fees from GSK, grants from Thermofisher, outside the submitted work. Lorenzo Cecchi reports personal fees from Thermofisher, personal fees from Sanofi, personal fees from Astra Zeneca, personal fees from Novartis, outside the submitted work. Alvaro A. Cruz reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Boehringer‐Ingelheim, personal fees from CHIESI, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from SANOFI, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from EUROFARMA, personal fees from Abdi‐Ibrahim, outside the submitted work. Philippe Devillier reports personal fees and non‐financial support from ALK_Abello, personal fees and non‐financial support from Stallergenes Greer, personal fees and non‐financial support from Astra Zeneca, personal fees and non‐financial support from Chiesi, personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline, personal fees from Sanofi, personal fees and non‐financial support from Mylan/Meda Pharma, personal fees and non‐financial support from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees and non‐financial support from Novartis, personal fees and non‐financial support from Menarini, outside the submitted work. Stephen R. Durham reports personal fees from ALK, personal fees from Revelo, personal fees from Angany, personal fees from Stallergenes, personal fees from Abbott, outside the submitted work. Motohiro Ebisawa reports personal fees from Mylan, personal fees from ARS Pharmaceutical, personal fees from Novartis, outside the submitted work; João A. Fonseca reports he is a co‐founder of a company that develops mHealth technologies. Tari Haahtela reports other from GSK, Orion Pharma, and Sanofi, outside the submitted work. Juan Carlos Ivancevich reports personal fees from Laboratorios Casasco, personal fees from Faes Farma, personal fees from Abbott Ecuador, personal fees from Bago Bolivia, outside the submitted work. Joaquim Mullol reports personal fees from ALK‐Abello, personal fees from Allergopharma, personal fees from Stallergenes, personal fees from Anergis, personal fees from Allergy Therapeutics, personal fees from Leti, personal fees from HAL, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Teva, personal fees from Takeda, personal fees from Chiesi, outside the submitted work. Piotr Kuna reports personal fees from Adamed, personal fees from Berlin Chemie Menarini, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Glenmark, personal fees from Krka, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Polpharma, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Sanofi, outside the submitted work. Violeta Kvedariene reports other from Norameda, other from BerlinCHemie Menarini, outside the submitted work. Désirée E. Larenas‐Linnemann reports personal fees from ALK, Allakos, Amstrong, Astrazeneca, Chiesi, DBV Technologies, Grunenthal, GSK, Mylan/Viatris, Menarini, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Siegfried, UCB, Alakos, Gossamer, Carnot, grants from Sanofi, Astrazeneca, Lilly, Pfizer, Novartis, Circassia, UCB, GSK, Purina institute., outside the submitted work. Brian Lipworth reports personal fees from Glenmark, grants and personal fees from Mylan, grants from Sanofi, from AstraZeneca, from null, from null, during the conduct of the study; and Son of BJL employee of AstraZeneca. Paolo Maria Matricardi reports personal fees from TPS Productions, outside the submitted work. Joaquim Mullol reports personal fees and other from SANOFI‐GENZYME & REGENERON, personal fees and other from NOVARTIS, personal fees and other from ALLAKOS, grants and personal fees from MYLAN Pharma, grants and personal fees from URIACH Group, personal fees from Mitsubishi‐Tanabe, personal fees from Menarini, personal fees from UCB, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from MSD, outside the submitted work. Robert Naclerio reports other from Sanofi, Regeneron, Lyra, Celgene, GSK, and AstraZeneca., outside the submitted work; Dr. Naclerio reports other from Sanofi, Regeneron, Lyra, Celgene, GSK, and AstraZeneca., outside the submitted work. Yoshitaka Okamoto reports personal fees from Torii Co.,Ltd., personal fees from ALK Co., Ltd., personal fees from Kirin Pharmaceutical Company, personal fees from Tanabe‐Mitsubishi Company, outside the submitted work.Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos reports other from Gerolymatos Int., other from Capricare, other from Nutricia, from ALK, Asit Biotech, AstraZeneca, Biomay, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, HAL, Faes Farma, Medscape, Menarini, MSD, Mylan/Meda, Novartis, Nutricia, OM Pharma, Regeneron, Sanofi, Takeda, outside the submitted work. Simone Pelosi reports personal fees from TPS Production, outside the submitted work; In addition, Dr. Pelosi has a patent PCT/IT2018/000119 pending. Oliver Pfaar reports grants and personal fees from ALK‐Abelló, grants and personal fees from Allergopharma, grants and personal fees from Stallergenes Greer, grants and personal fees from HAL Allergy Holding B.V./HAL Allergie GmbH, grants and personal fees from Bencard Allergie GmbH/Allergy Therapeutics, grants and personal fees from Lofarma, grants from Biomay, grants from Circassia, grants and personal fees from ASIT Biotech Tools S.A., grants and personal fees from Laboratorios LETI/LETI Pharma, personal fees from MEDA; Pharma/MYLAN, grants and personal fees from Anergis S.A., personal fees from Mobile Chamber Experts (a GA2LEN Partner), personal fees from Indoor Biotechnologies, grants and personal fees from GlaxoSmithKline, personal fees from Astellas Pharma Global, personal fees from EUFOREA, personal fees from ROXALL Medizin, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Sanofi‐Aventis and Sanofi‐Genzyme, personal fees from Med Update Europe GmbH, personal fees from streamedup! GmbH, grants from Pohl‐Boskamp, grants from Inmunotek S.L., personal fees from John Wiley and Sons, AS, personal fees from Paul‐Martini‐Stiftung (PMS), personal fees from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., personal fees from RG Aerztefortbildung, personal fees from Institut für Disease Management, personal fees from Springer GmbH, grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from IQVIA Commercial, personal fees from Ingress Health, personal fees from Wort&Bild Verlag, personal fees from Verlag ME, outside the submitted work; and member of EAACI Excom, member of ext. board of directors DGAKI; coordinator, main‐ or co‐author of different position papers and guidelines in rhinology, allergology and allergen‐immunotherapy. Sanna Toppila‐Salmi reports grants from GSK, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from ALK Abelló, personal fees from ERT, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Sanofi Pharma, personal fees from Roche, outside the submitted work. Boleslaw Samolinski reports personal fees from Polpharma, personal fees from Viatris, grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from TEVA, personal fees from patient ombudsman, personal fees from Polish Allergology Society, grants from GSK, outside the submitted work; Joaquin Sastre reports grants and personal fees from SANOFI, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from NOVARTIS, personal fees from ASTRA ZENECA, personal fees from MUNDIPHARMA, personal fees from FAES FARMA, outside the submitted work. Ana Todo‐Bom reports personal fees from Astrazeneca, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Bial, grants and personal fees from Leti, personal fees from Mylan, personal fees from AbbVie, grants and personal fees from Sanofi, outside the submitted work. Salvatore Tripodi reports personal fees from TPS Production, outside the submitted work; In addition, Dr. Tripodi has a patent PCT/IT2018/000119 pending. Ioanna Tsiligianni reports grants from Grants from Boehrniger Ingelheim, Glaxo Smithkline, Astra Zeneca and personal fees for advisory boards or speaker bureau from Astra Zeneca, Chiesi, Novartis, outside the submitted work. Charlotte Suppli Ulrik reports grants and personal fees from AZ, personal fees from GSK, grants and personal fees from BI, grants and personal fees from Sanofi, personal fees from Orion Pharma, personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from TEVA, grants and personal fees from Novartis, outside the submitted work; Torsten Zuberbier reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees from AbbVie, personal fees from ALK, personal fees from Almirall, personal fees from Astellas, personal fees from Bayer Health Care, personal fees from Bencard, personal fees from Berlin Chemie, personal fees from FAES, personal fees from HAL, personal fees from Leti, personal fees from Meda, personal fees from Menarini, personal fees from Merck, personal fees from MSD, grants and personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Sanofi, personal fees from Stallergenes, personal fees from Takeda, personal fees from Teva, personal fees from UCB, grants from Henkel, personal fees from Kryolan, personal fees from L'Oréal, outside the submitted work; and Organisational affiliations; Commitee member: WHO‐Initiative ‘Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma’ (ARIA); Member of the Board: German Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI); Board Chairman: European Centre for Allergy Research Foundation (ECARF); President: Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN); Member: Committee on Allergy Diagnosis and Molecular Allergology, World Allergy Organization (WAO).

Cited by

Real-life evidence in allergen immunotherapy: Moving forward with mHealth apps.

Sousa-Pinto B, Pfaar O, Bousquet J.Allergol Select. 2023 Mar 1;7:47-56. doi: 10.5414/ALX02343E. eCollection 2023.PMID: 36925994 Free PMC article. Review.

KMEL References

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Real-world data using mHealth apps in rhinitis, rhinosinusitis and their multimorbidities

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