Systematic Review on Pathophysiological Complications in Severe COVID-19 among the Non-Vaccinated and Vaccinated Population

Ali A Rabaan 1 2 3, Muhammed A Bakhrebah 4, Abbas Al Mutair 5 6 7 8, Saad Alhumaid 9, Jumana M Al-Jishi 10, Jehad AlSihati 11, Hawra Albayat 12, Ahmed Alsheheri 12, Mohammed Aljeldah 13, Mohammed Garout 14, Wadha A Alfouzan 15 16, Yousef N Alhashem 17, Salma AlBahrani 18, Saleh A Alshamrani 19, Sultan Alotaibi 20, Abdullah A AlRamadhan 21, Hanadi N Albasha 22, Khalid Hajissa 23, Mohamad-Hani Temsah 24

Affiliations

21 June 2022

-

doi: 10.3390/vaccines10070985

Abstract

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is one of the longest viral pandemics in the history of mankind, which have caused millions of deaths globally and induced severe deformities in the survivals. For instance, fibrosis and cavities in the infected lungs of COVID-19 are some of the complications observed in infected patients post COVID-19 recovery. These health abnormalities, including is multiple organ failure-the most striking pathological features of COVID-19-have been linked with diverse distribution of ACE2 receptor. Additionally, several health complications reports were reported after administration of COVID-19 vaccines in healthy individuals, but clinical or molecular pathways causing such complications are not yet studied in detail. Thus, the present systematic review established the comparison of health complication noted in vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals (COVID-19 infected patients) to identify the association between vaccination and the multiorgan failure based on the data obtained from case studies, research articles, clinical trials/Cohort based studies and review articles published between 2020-2022. This review also includes the biological rationale behind the COVID-19 infection and its subsequent symptoms and effects including multiorgan failure. In addition, multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) has been informed in individuals post vaccination that resulted in multiorgan failure but, no direct correlation of vaccination with MIS has been established. Similarly, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) also noted to cause multiorgan failure in some individuals following full vaccination. Furthermore, severe complications were recorded in elderly patients (+40 years of age), indicates that older age individuals are higher risk by COVID-19 and post vaccination, but available literature is not sufficient to comply with any conclusive statements on relationship between vaccination and multiorgan failure.

Keywords: ACE2 receptor; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; multiorgan failure; multisystem inflammatory syndrome; vaccination.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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