Kuwait Medical Electronic Library

The Prevalence of Mild, Moderate, and Severe Nomophobia Symptoms: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression

Affiliations

expand

30 December 2022

Abstract

NOMOPHOBIA, or NO MObile PHone Phobia, refers to a psychological condition in which people fear being disconnected from their mobile phones. The purpose of this review was to establish the prevalence of nomophobia symptoms in youth and young adults according to severity, country, culture, population, measurement tool, and year of data collection. An electronic search of fourteen databases, two digital preservation services, and three content aggregator services was conducted from the inception of each database until 15 September 2021. A total of 52 studies involving 47,399 participants from 20 countries were included in the analyses. The prevalence of nomophobia was defined as the proportion of individuals scoring at or above established cut-offs on validated measures. Based on a random-effects meta-analysis, approximately 20% of individuals showed mild symptoms of nomophobia, 50% showed moderate symptoms, and 20% showed severe symptoms. Our results showed that university students from non-Western cultures are the most likely to suffer severe symptoms. In the year 2021, the prevalence rate of nomophobia increased. The instrument that was best able to detect nomophobia was the nomophobia questionnaire. Most individuals who own mobile phones experience mild or moderate symptoms of nomophobia. Severe symptoms deserve attention from clinicians and research scientists. A valid method of identifying individuals with a severe addiction to their mobile phones will help with timely and effective therapeutic management.

Keywords: FOMO; addiction; anxiety; fear of missing out; iDisorder; nomophobia.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1 PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for study selection.

Figure 2 A summary plot of the risk of bias assessment.

Figure 3 Summary forest plot of nomophobia.

Cited by

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Correlation Coefficients between Nomophobia and Anxiety, Smartphone Addiction, and Insomnia Symptoms.

Daraj LR, AlGhareeb M, Almutawa YM, Trabelsi K, Jahrami H.Healthcare (Basel). 2023 Jul 19;11(14):2066. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11142066.PMID: 37510507 Free PMC article. Review.

Development and validation of a questionnaire (GHOST) to assess sudden, unexplained communication exclusion or "ghosting".

Jahrami H, Saif Z, Chen W, Helmy M, Ghazzawi H, Trabelsi K, Natan Pires G, Bragazzi NL, Pandi-Perumal SR, Seeman MV.Heliyon. 2023 Jun 8;9(6):e17066. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17066. eCollection 2023 Jun.PMID: 37484221 Free PMC article.

The Relationship between Nomophobia, Insomnia, Chronotype, Phone in Proximity, Screen Time, and Sleep Duration in Adults: A Mobile Phone App-Assisted Cross-Sectional Study.

Jahrami H.Healthcare (Basel). 2023 May 22;11(10):1503. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11101503.PMID: 37239789 Free PMC article.

Internal consistency and structural validity of the nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q) and its translations: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

Jahrami H, Saif Z, Trabelsi K, Bragazzi NL, Vitiello MV.Heliyon. 2023 Apr 14;9(4):e15464. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15464. eCollection 2023 Apr.PMID: 37128316 Free PMC article.

KMEL References

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

References

1. King A.L., Valença A.M., Nardi A.E. Nomophobia: The mobile phone in panic disorder with agoraphobia: Reducing phobias or worsening of dependence? Cogn. Behav. Neurol. 2010;23:52–54. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0b013e3181b7eabc. - DOI - PubMed
1. Humood A., Altooq N., Altamimi A., Almoosawi H., Alzafiri M., Bragazzi N.L., Husni M., Jahrami H. The Prevalence of Nomophobia by Population and by Research Tool: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. Psych. 2021;3:249–258. doi: 10.3390/psych3020019. - DOI
1. Ratan Z.A., Parrish A.-M., Alotaibi M.S., Hosseinzadeh H. Prevalence of Smartphone Addiction and Its Association with Sociodemographic, Physical and Mental Well-Being: A Cross-Sectional Study among the Young Adults of Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022;19:16583. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416583. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Yildirim C. Ph.D. Thesis. Iowa State University; Ames, IA, USA: 2014. Exploring the Dimensions of Nomophobia: Developing and Validating a Questionnaire Using Mixed Methods Research.
1. Yildirim C., Correia A.-P. Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2015;49:130–137. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.059. - DOI
1. Cochrane Why Perform a Meta-Analysis in a Review? [(accessed on 12 August 2022)]. Available online: https://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/chapter_9/9_1_3_why_perform_a_meta_ana....
1. Prasad M., Patthi B., Singla A., Gupta R., Saha S., Kumar J.K., Malhi R., Pandita V. Nomophobia: A cross-sectional study to assess mobile phone usage among dental students. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. JCDR. 2017;11:ZC34. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/20858.9341. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Sui A., Sui W., Irwin J. Exploring the prevalence of nomophobia in a Canadian university: An environmental scan. J. Am. Coll. Health. 2022:1–8. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2070712. - DOI - PubMed
1. Budd J., Miller B.S., Manning E.M., Lampos V., Zhuang M., Edelstein M., Rees G., Emery V.C., Stevens M.M., Keegan N., et al. Digital technologies in the public-health response to COVID-19. Nat. Med. 2020;26:1183–1192. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1011-4. - DOI - PubMed
1. Nishikawa-Pacher A. Research Questions with PICO: A Universal Mnemonic. Publications. 2022;10:21. doi: 10.3390/publications10030021. - DOI
1. Page M.J., McKenzie J.E., Bossuyt P.M., Boutron I., Hoffmann T.C., Mulrow C.D., Shamseer L., Tetzlaff J.M., Akl E.A., Brennan S.E., et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Conn V.S., Valentine J.C., Cooper H.M., Rantz M.J. Grey literature in meta-analyses. Nurs. Res. 2003;52:256–261. doi: 10.1097/00006199-200307000-00008. - DOI - PubMed
1. van de Schoot R., de Bruin J., Schram R., Zahedi P., de Boer J., Weijdema F., Kramer B., Huijts M., Hoogerwerf M., Ferdinands G., et al. An open source machine learning framework for efficient and transparent systematic reviews. Nat. Mach. Intell. 2021;3:125–133. doi: 10.1038/s42256-020-00287-7. - DOI
1. Rathbone J., Hoffmann T., Glasziou P. Faster title and abstract screening? Evaluating Abstrackr, a semi-automated online screening program for systematic reviewers. Syst. Rev. 2015;4:1–7. doi: 10.1186/s13643-015-0067-6. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. PLOTCON WebPlotDigitizer. [(accessed on 12 August 2022)]. Available online: https://automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizer/
1. Luchini C., Stubbs B., Solmi M., Veronese N. Assessing the quality of studies in meta-analyses: Advantages and limitations of the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. World J. Meta-Anal. 2017;5:80–84. doi: 10.13105/wjma.v5.i4.80. - DOI
1. Shuster J.J. Empirical vs. natural weighting in random effects meta-analysis. Stat. Med. 2010;29:1259–1265. doi: 10.1002/sim.3607. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Borenstein M., Hedges L.V., Higgins J.P., Rothstein H.R. A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Res. Synth. Methods. 2010;1:97–111. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.12. - DOI - PubMed
1. Lewis S., Clarke M. Forest plots: Trying to see the wood and the trees. BMJ. 2001;322:1479–1480. doi: 10.1136/bmj.322.7300.1479. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Stroup D.F., Berlin J.A., Morton S.C., Olkin I., Williamson G.D., Rennie D., Moher D., Becker B.J., Sipe T.A., Thacker S.B. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology: A Proposal for Reporting. JAMA. 2000;283:2008–2012. doi: 10.1001/jama.283.15.2008. - DOI - PubMed
1. Higgins J.P., Thompson S.G. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat. Med. 2002;21:1539–1558. doi: 10.1002/sim.1186. - DOI - PubMed
1. Huedo-Medina T.B., Sánchez-Meca J., Marin-Martinez F., Botella J. Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I2 index? Psychol. Methods. 2006;11:193. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.11.2.193. - DOI - PubMed
1. Lin L., Chu H., Hodges J.S. Alternative measures of between-study heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Reducing the impact of outlying studies. Biometrics. 2017;73:156–166. doi: 10.1111/biom.12543. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Mathur M.B., VanderWeele T.J. Sensitivity analysis for publication bias in meta-analyses. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C (Appl. Stat.) 2020;69:1091–1119. doi: 10.1111/rssc.12440. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Galbraith R.F. Some applications of radial plots. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1994;89:1232–1242. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1994.10476864. - DOI
1. Galbraith R. Graphical display of estimates having differing standard errors. Technometrics. 1988;30:271–281. doi: 10.1080/00401706.1988.10488400. - DOI
1. Galbraith R. A note on graphical presentation of estimated odds ratios from several clinical trials. Stat. Med. 1988;7:889–894. doi: 10.1002/sim.4780070807. - DOI - PubMed
1. Doi S.A. Rendering the Doi plot properly in meta-analysis. JBI Evid. Implement. 2018;16:242–243. doi: 10.1097/XEB.0000000000000158. - DOI - PubMed
1. Egger M., Smith G.D., Schneider M., Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315:629–634. doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Patsopoulos N.A., Evangelou E., Ioannidis J.P. Sensitivity of between-study heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Proposed metrics and empirical evaluation. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008;37:1148–1157. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyn065. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Viechtbauer W., Cheung M.W. Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis. Res. Synth. Methods. 2010;1:112–125. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.11. - DOI - PubMed
1. Gjerdevik M., Heuch I. Improving the error rates of the Begg and Mazumdar test for publication bias in fixed effects meta-analysis. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 2014;14:1–16. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-14-109. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Sterne J.A., Egger M. Regression methods to detect publication and other bias in meta-analysis. Publ. Bias Meta-Anal. Prev. Assess. Adjust. 2005;1:99–110.
1. Copas J., Shi J.Q. Meta-analysis, funnel plots and sensitivity analysis. Biostatistics. 2000;1:247–262. doi: 10.1093/biostatistics/1.3.247. - DOI - PubMed
1. Duval S., Tweedie R. A nonparametric “trim and fill” method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 2000;95:89–98.
1. Sedgwick P. Meta-analyses: Heterogeneity and subgroup analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:F4040. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f4040. - DOI
1. Thompson S.G., Higgins J.P. How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted? Stat. Med. 2002;21:1559–1573. doi: 10.1002/sim.1187. - DOI - PubMed
1. UN [(accessed on 12 August 2022)]. Available online: https://www.un.org/dgacm/en/content/regional-groups.
1. OSC Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science. 2015;349:aac4716. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4716. - DOI - PubMed
1. R. 4.1.1. [(accessed on 5 May 2020)]. Available online: https://www.R-project.org/
1. Schwarzer G., Schwarzer M.G. Package ‘meta’. R Found. Stat. Comput. 2012;9:1–94.
1. Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J. Stat. Softw. 2010;36:1–48. doi: 10.18637/jss.v036.i03. - DOI
1. McGuinness L.A., Higgins J.P. Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): An R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments. Res. Synth. Methods. 2021;12:55–61. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.1411. - DOI - PubMed
1. Al-Balhan E.M., Khabbache H., Watfa A., Re T.S., Zerbetto R., Bragazzi N.L. Psychometric evaluation of the Arabic version of the nomophobia questionnaire: Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis—Implications from a pilot study in Kuwait among university students. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2018;11:471. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S169918. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. AlMarzooqi M.A., Alhaj O.A., Alrasheed M.M., Helmy M., Trabelsi K., Ebrahim A., Hattab S., Jahrami H.A., Ben Saad H. Symptoms of Nomophobia, Psychological Aspects, Insomnia and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study of ESports Players in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare. 2022;10:257. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10020257. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Alwafi H., Naser A.Y., Aldhahir A.M., Fatani A.I., Alharbi R.A., Alharbi K.G., Almutwakkil B.A., Salawati E., Ekram R., Samannodi M. Prevalence and predictors of nomophobia among the general population in two middle eastern countries. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22:1–9. doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-04168-8. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Ayar D., Gerçeker G.Ö., Özdemir E.Z., Bektas M. The effect of problematic internet use, social appearance anxiety, and social media use on nursing students’ nomophobia levels. CIN Comput. Inform. Nurs. 2018;36:589–595. doi: 10.1097/CIN.0000000000000458. - DOI - PubMed
1. Bano N., Khan M.A., Asif U., de Beer J., Rawass H. Effects of nomophobia on anxiety, stress and depression among Saudi medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 2020;11:1–11. doi: 10.5455/JPMA.27705. - DOI - PubMed
1. Bartwal J., Nath B. Evaluation of nomophobia among medical students using smartphone in north India. Med. J. Armed Forces India. 2020;76:451–455. doi: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2019.03.001. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Bragazzi N.L., Re T.S., Zerbetto R. The relationship between nomophobia and maladaptive coping styles in a sample of Italian young adults: Insights and implications from a cross-sectional study. JMIR Ment. Health. 2019;6:e13154. doi: 10.2196/13154. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Buctot D.B., Kim N., Kim S.-H. Personal profiles, family environment, patterns of smartphone use, nomophobia, and smartphone addiction across low, average, and high perceived academic performance levels among high school students in The Philippines. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18:5219. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18105219. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Catone G., Senese V.P., Pisano S., Siciliano M., Russo K., Muratori P., Marotta R., Pascotto A., Broome M.R. The drawbacks of Information and Communication Technologies: Interplay and psychopathological risk of nomophobia and cyber-bullying, results from the bullying and youth mental health Naples study (BYMHNS) Comput. Hum. Behav. 2020;113:106496. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106496. - DOI
1. Çelik İnce S. Relationship between nomophobia of nursing students and their obesity and self-esteem. Perspect. Psychiatr. Care. 2021;57:753–760. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12610. - DOI - PubMed
1. Çevik-Durmaz Y., Yalçinkaya-Önder E., Timur S. Preservice teachers’ nomophobia levels, sense of loneliness and adjustment to college life. Perspect. Psychiatr. Care. 2021;57:1052–1072. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12657. - DOI - PubMed
1. ÇIRAK M., Dost M.T. Nomophobia in University Students: The Roles of Digital Addiction, Social Connectedness, and Life Satisfaction. Turk. Psychol. Couns. Guid. J. 2022;12:35–52. doi: 10.17066/tpdrd.1095905. - DOI
1. Copaja-Corzo C., Aragón-Ayala C.J., Taype-Rondan A., Nomotest-Group Nomophobia and Its Associated Factors in Peruvian Medical Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022;19:5006. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095006. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Karademir Coskun T., Kaya O. The Distribution of Variables That Affect Nomophobia in Adults’ Profiles. Int. J. Res. Educ. Sci. 2020;6:534–550. doi: 10.46328/ijres.v6i4.1012. - DOI
1. Daei A., Ashrafi-Rizi H., Soleymani M.R. Nomophobia and health hazards: Smartphone use and addiction among university students. Int. J. Prev. Med. 2019;10:202. - PMC - PubMed
1. Denprechavong V., Ngamchaliew P., Buathong N. Prevalence of Nomophobia and Relationship with Anxiety and Depression among University Students in Southern Thailand. J. Med. Assoc. Thail. 2022;105:359–367.
1. Essel H.B., Vlachopoulos D., Tachie-Menson A., Nunoo F.K.N., Johnson E.E. Nomophobia among Preservice Teachers: A descriptive correlational study at Ghanaian Colleges of Education. Educ. Inf. Technol. 2022;27:9541–9561. doi: 10.1007/s10639-022-11023-6. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Farchakh Y., Hallit R., Akel M., Chalhoub C., Hachem M., Hallit S., Obeid S. Nomophobia in Lebanon: Scale validation and association with psychological aspects. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0249890. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249890. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Farooq M., Rizvi M.A., Wajid W.A., Ashraf M., Farooq M., Javed H., Sadiq M.A., Jafar H.M., Hameed F., Rizvi M.A. Prevalence of Nomophobia and an Analysis of Its Contributing Factors in the Undergraduate Students of Pakistan. Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw. 2022;25:147–153. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2021.0148. - DOI - PubMed
1. Farooqui I.A., Pore P., Gothankar J. Nomophobia: An emerging issue in medical institutions? J. Ment. Health. 2018;27:438–441. doi: 10.1080/09638237.2017.1417564. - DOI - PubMed
1. Fidancı İ., Aksoy H., Ayhan Başer D., Yengil Taci D., Cankurtaran M. Evaluation of Nomophobia and Smartphone Addiction Levels among University Students in terms of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Risk. Anatol. J. Fam. Med. 2021;4:159–164.
1. Gurbuz I.B., Ozkan G. What is your level of nomophobia? An investigation of prevalence and level of nomophobia among young people in Turkey. Community Ment. Health J. 2020;56:814–822. doi: 10.1007/s10597-019-00541-2. - DOI - PubMed
1. Hoşgör H., Coşkun F., Çalişkan F. Relationship between nomophobia, fear of missing out, and perceived work overload in nurses in Turkey. Perspect. Psychiatr. Care. 2020;57:1026–1033. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12653. - DOI - PubMed
1. Işcan G., Yildirim Baş F., Özcan Y., Özdoğanci C. Relationship between “nomophobia” and material addiction “cigarette” and factors affecting them. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2021;75:e13816. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13816. - DOI - PubMed
1. Jahrami H., Rashed M., AlRasheed M.M., Bragazzi N.L., Saif Z., Alhaj O., BaHammam A.S., Vitiello M.V. Nomophobia is associated with insomnia but not with age, sex, bmi, or mobile phone screen size in young adults. Nat. Sci. Sleep. 2021;13:1931. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S335462. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Jahrami H., Abdelaziz A., Binsanad L., Alhaj O.A., Buheji M., Bragazzi N.L., Saif Z., BaHammam A.S., Vitiello M.V. The association between symptoms of nomophobia, insomnia and food addiction among young adults: Findings of an exploratory cross-sectional survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18:711. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020711. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Jahrami H.A., Fekih-Romdhane F., Saif Z.Q., Alhaj O.A., AlRasheed M.M., Pandi-Perumal S.R., BaHammam A.S., Vitiello M.V. Sleep dissatisfaction is a potential marker for nomophobia in adults. Sleep Med. 2022;98:152–157. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.07.001. - DOI - PubMed
1. Jilisha G., Venkatachalam J., Menon V., Olickal J.J. Nomophobia: A mixed-methods study on prevalence, associated factors, and perception among college students in Puducherry, India. Indian J. Psychol. Med. 2019;41:541–548. doi: 10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_130_19. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Kaur A., Ani A., Sharma A., Kumari V. Nomophobia and social interaction anxiety among university students. Int. J. Afr. Nurs. Sci. 2021;15:100352. doi: 10.1016/j.ijans.2021.100352. - DOI
1. Kaviani F., Robards B., Young K.L., Koppel S. Nomophobia: Is the fear of being without a smartphone associated with problematic use? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:6024. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176024. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Kaviani F., Young K., Koppel S. Using nomophobia severity to predict illegal smartphone use while driving. Comput. Hum. Behav. Rep. 2022;6:100190. doi: 10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100190. - DOI
1. Koppel S., Stephens A.N., Kaviani F., Peiris S., Young K.L., Chambers R., Hassed C. It’s all in the mind: The relationship between mindfulness and nomophobia on technology engagement while driving and aberrant driving behaviours. Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 2022;86:252–262. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2022.03.002. - DOI
1. Kundu A., Patnaik L., Pattanaik S., Sahu T. Prevalence of nomophobia and use of social networking sites and applications—A cross-sectional study among undergraduate students in a medical college of Eastern India. J. Datta Meghe Inst. Med. Sci. Univ. 2022;17:69.
1. Lupo R., Zacchino S., Caldararo C., Calabrò A., Carriero M.C., Santoro P., Carvello M., Conte L. The use of electronical devices and relative levels of Nomophobia within a group of Italian nurses: An Observational Study. Epidemiol. Biostat. Public Health. 2020;17:1–10. doi: 10.2427/13272. - DOI
1. Ma J., Liu C. Evaluation of the factor structure of the Chinese version of the nomophobia questionnaire. Curr. Psychol. 2021;40:1367–1373. doi: 10.1007/s12144-018-0071-9. - DOI
1. Polat F., Delibas L., Bilir İ. The relationship between nomophobia level and worry severity in future healthcare professional candidates. Perspect. Psychiatr. Care. 2021;58:339–347. doi: 10.1111/ppc.12792. - DOI - PubMed
1. Qutishat M., Lazarus E.R., Razmy A.M., Packianathan S. University students’ nomophobia prevalence, sociodemographic factors and relationship with academic performance at a University in Oman. Int. J. Afr. Nurs. Sci. 2020;13:100206. doi: 10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100206. - DOI
1. Ramos-Soler I., López-Sánchez C., Quiles-Soler C. Nomophobia in teenagers: Digital lifestyle, social networking and smartphone abuse. Commun. Soc. 2021;34:17–32. doi: 10.15581/003.34.4.17-32. - DOI
1. Santl L., Brajkovic L., Kopilaš V. Relationship between nomophobia, various emotional difficulties, and distress factors among students. Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2022;12:716–730. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe12070053. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Schwaiger E., Tahir R. Nomophobia and its predictors in undergraduate students of Lahore, Pakistan. Heliyon. 2020;6:e04837. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04837. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Schwaiger E., Tahir R. The impact of nomophobia and smartphone presence on fluid intelligence and attention. Cyberpsychology J. Psychosoc. Res. Cyberspace. 2022;16:5. doi: 10.5817/CP2022-1-5. - DOI
1. Sevim-Cirak N., Islim O.F. Investigation into nomophobia amongst Turkish pre-service teachers. Educ. Inf. Technol. 2021;26:1877–1895. doi: 10.1007/s10639-020-10335-9. - DOI
1. Sui W., Sui A., Munn J., Irwin J.D. Comparing the prevalence of nomophobia and smartphone addiction among university students pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19. J. Am. Coll. Health. 2022;6:1–4. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2087473. - DOI - PubMed
1. Sui W., Munn J., Irwin J.D. Exploring and predicting Canadian university students’ trait anxiety and nomophobia during COVID-19. Int. J. Health Promot. Educ. 2022;4:1–13. doi: 10.1080/14635240.2022.2065514. - DOI
1. Tomczyk Ł., Lizde E.S. Nomophobia and Phubbing: Wellbeing and new media education in the family among adolescents in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 2022;137:106489. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106489. - DOI
1. Torpil B., Ünsal E., Yıldız E., Pekçetin S. Relationship between nomophobia and occupational performance among university students. Br. J. Occup. Ther. 2021;84:441–445. doi: 10.1177/0308022620950984. - DOI
1. Torpil B., Pekçetin S. The effectiveness of two different occupational therapy interventions on time management and on perceived occupational performance and satisfaction in university students with severe Nomophobia: A Single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Occup. Ther. Ment. Health. 2022;38:86–102. doi: 10.1080/0164212X.2021.1977758. - DOI
1. Torpil B., Bahadir Z., Yilmaz G.G., Pekçetin S. Comparison of sleep quality and sleepiness in university students with different levels of nomophobia. Int. J. Disabil. Sport. Health Sci. 2022;5:9–15. doi: 10.33438/ijdshs.1056095. - DOI
1. Yavuz M., Altan B., Bayrak B., Gündüz M., Bolat N. The relationships between nomophobia, alexithymia and metacognitive problems in an adolescent population. Turk. J. Pediatr. 2019;61:345–351. doi: 10.24953/turkjped.2019.03.005. - DOI - PubMed
1. Durak H.Y. Investigation of nomophobia and smartphone addiction predictors among adolescents in Turkey: Demographic variables and academic performance. Soc. Sci. J. 2019;56:492–517.
1. León-Mejía A.C., Gutiérrez-Ortega M., Serrano-Pintado I., González-Cabrera J. A systematic review on nomophobia prevalence: Surfacing results and standard guidelines for future research. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0250509. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250509. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Sharma M., Amandeep, Mathur D.M., Jeenger J. Nomophobia and its relationship with depression, anxiety, and quality of life in adolescents. Ind. Psychiatry J. 2019;28:231–236. doi: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_60_18. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Darvishi M., Noori M., Nazer M.R., Sheikholeslami S., Karimi E. Investigating Different Dimensions of Nomophobia among Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci. 2019;7:573–578. doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.138. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Liu W., Chen J.-S., Gan W.Y., Poon W.C., Tung S.E.H., Lee L.J., Xu P., Chen I.-H., Griffiths M.D., Lin C.-Y. Associations of Problematic Internet Use, Weight-Related Self-Stigma, and Nomophobia with Physical Activity: Findings from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022;19:12135. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191912135. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Güneş N.A., Özdemir Ç. The relationship between nomophobia and anxiety levels in healthy young individuals. J. Psychosoc. Nurs. Ment. Health Serv. 2021;59:23–30. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20210324-02. - DOI - PubMed
1. Khan F.A., Waqar A., Niazi S.N.K. Text neck syndrome among students of a medical and dental college in Lahore. J. Sharif. Med. Dent. Coll. 2020;6:5–8.
1. Ahmed S., Akter R., Pokhrel N., Samuel A.J. Prevalence of text neck syndrome and SMS thumb among smartphone users in college-going students: A cross-sectional survey study. J. Public Health. 2021;29:411–416. doi: 10.1007/s10389-019-01139-4. - DOI
1. Kaviani F., Young K.L., Robards B., Koppel S. Nomophobia and self-reported smartphone use while driving: An investigation into whether nomophobia can increase the likelihood of illegal smartphone use while driving. Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 2020;74:212–224. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2020.08.024. - DOI
1. Jahrami H., Fekih-Romdhane F., Saif Z., Bragazzi N.L., Pandi-Perumal S.R., BaHammam A.S., Vitiello M.V. A social media outage was associated with a surge in nomophobia, and the magnitude of change in nomophobia during the outage was associated with baseline insomnia. Clocks Sleep. 2022;4:508–519. doi: 10.3390/clockssleep4040040. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Show All