Chemical compounds from anthropogenic environment and immune evasion mechanisms: potential interactions
Julia Kravchenko 1, Emanuela Corsini 2, Marc A Williams 3, William Decker 4, Masoud H Manjili 5, Takemi Otsuki 6, Neetu Singh 7, Faha Al-Mulla 8, Rabeah Al-Temaimi 8, Amedeo Amedei 9, Anna Maria Colacci 10, Monica Vaccari 10, Chiara Mondello 11, A Ivana Scovassi 11, Jayadev Raju 12, Roslida A Hamid 13, Lorenzo Memeo 14, Stefano Forte 14, Rabindra Roy 15, Jordan Woodrick 15, Hosni K Salem 16, Elizabeth P Ryan 17, Dustin G Brown 17, William H Bisson 18, Leroy Lowe 19, H Kim Lyerly 20
Affiliations
Affiliations
Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; julia.krauchanka@duke.edu.- 2Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, School of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- 3MEDCOM Army Institute of Public Health, Toxicology Portfolio - Health Effects Research Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Edgewood, Baltimore, MD 21010, USA;
- 4Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- 5Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
- 6Department of Hygiene, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan.
- 7Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India.
- 8Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
- 9Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze 50134, Italy.
- 10Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- 11Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy.
- 12Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada.
- 13Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
- 14Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy.
- 15Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
- 16Urology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt.
- 17Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1680, USA.
- 18Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, julia.krauchanka@duke.edu bissonw@science.oregonstate.edu.
- 19Getting to Know Cancer, Nova Scotia, Canada and.
- 20Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
Abstract
An increasing number of studies suggest an important role of host immunity as a barrier to tumor formation and progression. Complex mechanisms and multiple pathways are involved in evading innate and adaptive immune responses, with a broad spectrum of chemicals displaying the potential to adversely influence immunosurveillance. The evaluation of the cumulative effects of low-dose exposures from the occupational and natural environment, especially if multiple chemicals target the same gene(s) or pathway(s), is a challenge. We reviewed common environmental chemicals and discussed their potential effects on immunosurveillance. Our overarching objective was to review related signaling pathways influencing immune surveillance such as the pathways involving PI3K/Akt, chemokines, TGF-β, FAK, IGF-1, HIF-1α, IL-6, IL-1α, CTLA-4 and PD-1/PDL-1 could individually or collectively impact immunosurveillance. A number of chemicals that are common in the anthropogenic environment such as fungicides (maneb, fluoxastrobin and pyroclostrobin), herbicides (atrazine), insecticides (pyridaben and azamethiphos), the components of personal care products (triclosan and bisphenol A) and diethylhexylphthalate with pathways critical to tumor immunosurveillance. At this time, these chemicals are not recognized as human carcinogens; however, it is known that they these chemicalscan simultaneously persist in the environment and appear to have some potential interfere with the host immune response, therefore potentially contributing to promotion interacting with of immune evasion mechanisms, and promoting subsequent tumor growth and progression.
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