The Middle East and North Africa Diagnosis and Management Guidelines for Inborn Errors of Immunity
Safa Baris 1, Hassan Abolhassani 2, Michel J Massaad 3, Maryam Al-Nesf 4, Zahra Chavoshzadeh 5, Sevgi Keles 6, Ismail Reisli 6, Azzeddine Tahiat 7, Hiba Mohammad Shendi 8, Dalia Abd Elaziz 9, Brahim Belaid 10, Fatima Al Dhaheri 11, Sule Haskologlu 12, Figen Dogu 12, Imen Ben-Mustapha 13, Ali Sobh 14, Nermeen Galal 9, Safa Meshaal 15, Rabab Elhawary 15, Aisha El-Marsafy 9, Fayhan J Alroqi 16, Bandar Al-Saud 17, Mona Al-Ahmad 18, Tariq Al Farsi 19, Nashat Al Sukaiti 19, Salem Al-Tamemi 20, Cybel Mehawej 21, Ghassan Dbaibo 22, Gehad ElGhazali 23, Sara Sebnem Kilic 24, Ferah Genel 25, Ayca Kiykim 26, Ugur Musabak 27, Hasibe Artac 28, Sukru Nail Guner 6, Rachida Boukari 29, Reda Djidjik 10, Nadia Kechout 30, Deniz Cagdas 31, Zeinab Awad El-Sayed 32, Elif Karakoc-Aydiner 33, Raed Alzyoud 34, Mohamed Ridha Barbouche 13, Mehdi Adeli 35, Rima Hanna Wakim 22, Shereen M Reda 32, Aydan Ikinciogullari 12, Ahmet Ozen 33, Aziz Bousfiha 36, Hamoud Al-Mousa 17, Nima Rezaei 37, Waleed Al-Herz 38, Raif S Geha 39
Affiliations
Affiliations
Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Foundation Diagnostic Center for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: safabaris@hotmail.com.- 2Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 3Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Infectious Diseases Research (CIDR) and WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Bacterial Pathogens, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
- 4Allergy and Immunology Division, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
- 5Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Mofid Children Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 6Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
- 7Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medical Biology, University of Algiers, Rouiba Hospital, Algiers, Algeria.
- 8Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Tawam Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- 9Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 10Department of Medical Immunology, Beni Messous University Hospital Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria.
- 11Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- 12Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
- 13Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis and University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
- 14Department of Pediatrics, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
- 15Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 16King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 17Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 18Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
- 19Department of Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
- 20Department of Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
- 21Department of Human Genetics, Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
- 22Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Infectious Diseases Research (CIDR) and WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Bacterial Pathogens, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
- 23Department of Immunology, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City-Union 71-Purehealth, Abu Dhabi, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- 24Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.
- 25Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, University of Health Sciences Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, İzmir, Turkey.
- 26Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
- 27Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey.
- 28Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
- 29Department of Pediatrics, Mustapha Pacha Faculty of Medicine, Algiers University, Algeria.
- 30Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Faculty of Medicine, Algiers, Algeria.
- 31Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Immunology, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey.
- 32Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 33Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Foundation Diagnostic Center for Primary Immune Deficiencies, Istanbul, Turkey.
- 34Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Queen Rania Children Hospital, Amman, Jordan.
- 35Department of Immunology, Sidra Medicine, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar.
- 36Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Department of pediatric infectious and immunological diseases, Ibn Rushd Children Hospital, King Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco.
- 37Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- 38Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Pediatric Department, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
- 39Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Abstract
Human inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of 485 distinct genetic disorders affecting children and adults. Signs and symptoms of IEI are heterogeneous, and accurate diagnosis can be challenging and depends on the available human expertise and laboratory resources. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has an increased prevalence of IEI because of the high rate of consanguinity with a predominance of autosomal recessive disorders. This area also exhibits more severe disease phenotypes compared with other regions, probably due to the delay in diagnosis. The MENA-IEI registry network has designed protocols and guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of IEI, taking into consideration the variable regional expertise and resources. These guidelines are primarily meant to improve the care of patients within the region, but can also be followed in other regions with similar patient populations.
Keywords: Diagnosis; Inborn errors of immunity; MENA region; Primary immunodeficiency; Treatment.
References
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/