Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study
Spencer L James 1, Chris D Castle 1, Zachary V Dingels 1, Jack T Fox 1, Erin B Hamilton 1, Zichen Liu 1, Nicholas L S Roberts 1, Dillon O Sylte 1, Gregory J Bertolacci 1, Matthew Cunningham 1, Nathaniel J Henry 1, Kate E LeGrand 1, Ahmed Abdelalim 2, Ibrahim Abdollahpour 3, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader 4, Aidin Abedi 5, Kedir Hussein Abegaz 6 7, Akine Eshete Abosetugn 8, Abdelrahman I Abushouk 9, Oladimeji M Adebayo 10, Jose C Adsuar 11, Shailesh M Advani 12 13, Marcela Agudelo-Botero 14, Tauseef Ahmad 15 16, Muktar Beshir Ahmed 17, Rushdia Ahmed 18 19, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour 20, Fares Alahdab 21, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi 22, Niguse Meles Alema 23, Biresaw Wassihun Alemu 24 25, Suliman A Alghnam 26, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali 27, Saqib Ali 28, Cyrus Alinia 29, Vahid Alipour 30 31, Syed Mohamed Aljunid 32 33, Amir Almasi-Hashiani 34, Nihad A Almasri 35, Khalid Altirkawi 36, Yasser Sami Abdeldayem Amer 37 38, Catalina Liliana Andrei 39, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam 40, Carl Abelardo T Antonio 41 42, Davood Anvari 43 44, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah 45 46, Jalal Arabloo 30, Morteza Arab-Zozani 47, Zohreh Arefi 48, Olatunde Aremu 49, Filippo Ariani 50, Amit Arora 51 52, Malke Asaad 53, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla 54 55, Getinet Ayano 56, Martin Amogre Ayanore 57, Ghasem Azarian 58, Alaa Badawi 59 60, Ashish D Badiye 61, Atif Amin Baig 62 63, Mohan Bairwa 64 65, Ahad Bakhtiari 66, Arun Balachandran 67 68, Maciej Banach 69 70, Srikanta K Banerjee 71, Palash Chandra Banik 72, Amrit Banstola 73, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo 74, Till Winfried Bärnighausen 75 76, Akbar Barzegar 77, Mohsen Bayati 78, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi 79 80, Neeraj Bedi 81 82, Masoud Behzadifar 83, Habte Belete 84, Derrick A Bennett 85, Isabela M Bensenor 86, Kidanemaryam Berhe 87, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula 88 89, Pankaj Bhardwaj 90 91, Anusha Ganapati Bhat 92, Krittika Bhattacharyya 93 94, Zulfiqar A Bhutta 95 96, Sadia Bibi 97, Ali Bijani 98, Archith Boloor 99, Guilherme Borges 100, Rohan Borschmann 101 102, Antonio Maria Borzì 103, Soufiane Boufous 104, Dejana Braithwaite 105, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko 106, Traolach Brugha 107, Shyam S Budhathoki 108, Josip Car 109 110, Rosario Cárdenas 111, Félix Carvalho 112, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia 113, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela 114 115, Giulio Castelpietra 116 117, Ferrán Catalá-López 118 119, Ester Cerin 120 121, Joht S Chandan 122, Jens Robert Chapman 123, Vijay Kumar Chattu 124, Soosanna Kumary Chattu 125, Irini Chatziralli 126 127, Neha Chaudhary 128 129, Daniel Youngwhan Cho 130, Jee-Young J Choi 131, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury 132 133, Devasahayam J Christopher 134, Dinh-Toi Chu 135, Flavia M Cicuttini 136, João M Coelho 137, Vera M Costa 112, Saad M A Dahlawi 138, Ahmad Daryani 139, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes 140, Diego De Leo 141, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke 142, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz 143 144, Desalegn Getnet Demsie 23, Kebede Deribe 145 146, Rupak Desai 147, Mostafa Dianati Nasab 148, Diana Dias da Silva 149, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani 150, Hoa Thi Do 151, Kerrie E Doyle 152, Tim Robert Driscoll 153, Eleonora Dubljanin 154, Bereket Duko Adema 155 156, Arielle Wilder Eagan 157 158, Demelash Abewa Elemineh 159, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary 2, Ziad El-Khatib 160 161, Christian Lycke Ellingsen 162 163, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki 164, Sharareh Eskandarieh 165, Oghenowede Eyawo 166 167, Pawan Sirwan Faris 168 169, Andre Faro 170, Farshad Farzadfar 171, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad 172 173, Eduarda Fernandes 174, Pietro Ferrara 175, Florian Fischer 176, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan 177, Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov 178, Masoud Foroutan 179, Joel Msafiri Francis 180, Richard Charles Franklin 181 182, Takeshi Fukumoto 183 184, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam 185, Hadush Gebremariam 87, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin 186, Leake G Gebremeskel 143 187, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel 188 189, Berhe Gebremichael 190, Getnet Azeze Gedefaw 191 192, Birhanu Geta 193, Agegnehu Bante Getenet 194, Mansour Ghafourifard 195, Farhad Ghamari 196, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh 197, Asadollah Gholamian 198 199, Syed Amir Gilani 200 201, Tiffany K Gill 202, Amir Hossein Goudarzian 203, Alessandra C Goulart 204 205, Ayman Grada 206, Michal Grivna 207, Rafael Alves Guimarães 208, Yuming Guo 136 209, Gaurav Gupta 210, Juanita A Haagsma 211, Brian James Hall 212, Randah R Hamadeh 213, Samer Hamidi 214, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso 185, Josep Maria Haro 215 216, Amir Hasanzadeh 217 218, Shoaib Hassan 219, Soheil Hassanipour 220 221, Hadi Hassankhani 222 223, Hamid Yimam Hassen 224 225, Rasmus Havmoeller 226, Delia Hendrie 56, Fatemeh Heydarpour 227, Martha Híjar 228 229, Hung Chak Ho 230, Chi Linh Hoang 231, Michael K Hole 232, Ramesh Holla 233, Naznin Hossain 234 235, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh 236 237, Sorin Hostiuc 238 239, Guoqing Hu 240, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye 241, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi 242, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj 243, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani 244, M Mofizul Islam 245, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam 246 247, Rebecca Q Ivers 248, Mohammad Ali Jahani 249, Mihajlo Jakovljevic 250, Farzad Jalilian 251, Sudha Jayaraman 252, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke 253 254, Ravi Prakash Jha 255, Yetunde O John-Akinola 256, Jost B Jonas 257 258, Kelly M Jones 259, Nitin Joseph 260, Farahnaz Joukar 220, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak 261, Suresh Banayya Jungari 262, Mikk Jürisson 263, Ali Kabir 264, Amaha Kahsay 87, Leila R Kalankesh 265, Rohollah Kalhor 266 267, Teshome Abegaz Kamil 268, Tanuj Kanchan 269, Neeti Kapoor 61, Manoochehr Karami 270, Amir Kasaeian 271 272, Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye 23, Taras Kavetskyy 273 274, Gbenga A Kayode 275 276, Peter Njenga Keiyoro 277, Abraham Getachew Kelbore 278, Yousef Saleh Khader 279, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie 280, Nauman Khalid 281, Ibrahim A Khalil 282, Rovshan Khalilov 283, Maseer Khan 284, Ejaz Ahmad Khan 285, Junaid Khan 286, Tripti Khanna 287 288, Salman Khazaei 270, Habibolah Khazaie 289, Roba Khundkar 290, Daniel N Kiirithio 291, Young-Eun Kim 292, Yun Jin Kim 293, Daniel Kim 294, Sezer Kisa 295, Adnan Kisa 296, Hamidreza Komaki 297 298, Shivakumar K M Kondlahalli 299, Ali Koolivand 300, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov 106, Ai Koyanagi 301 302, Moritz U G Kraemer 303 304, Kewal Krishan 305, Barthelemy Kuate Defo 306 307, Burcu Kucuk Bicer 308 309, Nuworza Kugbey 310 311, Nithin Kumar 312, Manasi Kumar 313 314, Vivek Kumar 315, Narinder Kumar 316, Girikumar Kumaresh 317, Faris Hasan Lami 318, Van C Lansingh 319 320, Savita Lasrado 321, Arman Latifi 322, Paolo Lauriola 323, Carlo La Vecchia 324, Janet L Leasher 325, Shaun Wen Huey Lee 326 327, Shanshan Li 136, Xuefeng Liu 328, Alan D Lopez 1 102 329, Paulo A Lotufo 330, Ronan A Lyons 331, Daiane Borges Machado 332 333, Mohammed Madadin 334, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek 335, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra 336, Marek Majdan 337, Azeem Majeed 338, Venkatesh Maled 339 340, Deborah Carvalho Malta 341, Navid Manafi 342 343, Amir Manafi 344, Ana-Laura Manda 345, Narayana Manjunatha 346, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei 220, Mohammad Ali Mansournia 347, Joemer C Maravilla 348, Amanda J Mason-Jones 349, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi 350, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg 130, Pallab K Maulik 351 352, Man Mohan Mehndiratta 353 354, Zeleke Aschalew Melketsedik 194, Peter T N Memiah 355, Walter Mendoza 356, Ritesh G Menezes 357, Melkamu Merid Mengesha 358, Tuomo J Meretoja 359 360, Atte Meretoja 361 362, Hayimro Edemealem Merie 363, Tomislav Mestrovic 364 365, Bartosz Miazgowski 366 367, Tomasz Miazgowski 368, Ted R Miller 56 369, G K Mini 370 371, Andreea Mirica 372 373, Erkin M Mirrakhimov 374 375, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh 251, Prasanna Mithra 260, Babak Moazen 376 377, Masoud Moghadaszadeh 378 379, Efat Mohamadi 380, Yousef Mohammad 381, Aso Mohammad Darwesh 382, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani 383, Reza Mohammadpourhodki 384, Shafiu Mohammed 75 385, Jemal Abdu Mohammed 386, Farnam Mohebi 171 387, Mohammad A Mohseni Bandpei 388, Mariam Molokhia 389, Lorenzo Monasta 390, Yoshan Moodley 391, Masoud Moradi 392 393, Ghobad Moradi 394 395, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh 396, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh 34, Lidia Morawska 397, Ilais Moreno Velásquez 398, Shane Douglas Morrison 130, Tilahun Belete Mossie 399, Atalay Goshu Muluneh 400, Kamarul Imran Musa 401, Ghulam Mustafa 402 403, Mehdi Naderi 404, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan 405 406, Gurudatta Naik 407, Mukhammad David Naimzada 408 409, Farid Najafi 410, Vinay Nangia 411, Bruno Ramos Nascimento 412, Morteza Naserbakht 413 414, Vinod Nayak 415, Javad Nazari 416 417, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe 418, Ionut Negoi 419 420, Josephine W Ngunjiri 421, Trang Huyen Nguyen 231, Cuong Tat Nguyen 422, Diep Ngoc Nguyen 423 424, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen 422, Rajan Nikbakhsh 425 426, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum 427 428, Chukwudi A Nnaji 418 429, Richard Ofori-Asenso 430 431, Felix Akpojene Ogbo 432, Onome Bright Oghenetega 433, In-Hwan Oh 434, Andrew T Olagunju 435 436, Tinuke O Olagunju 437, Ahmed Omar Bali 438, Obinna E Onwujekwe 439, Heather M Orpana 440 441, Erika Ota 442, Nikita Otstavnov 408 443, Stanislav S Otstavnov 408 444, Mahesh P A 445, Jagadish Rao Padubidri 446, Smita Pakhale 447, Keyvan Pakshir 448, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas 449, Eun-Kee Park 450, Sangram Kishor Patel 451 452, Ashish Pathak 453 454, Sanghamitra Pati 455, Kebreab Paulos 456, Amy E Peden 182 457, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito 458, Jeevan Pereira 459, Michael R Phillips 460 461, Roman V Polibin 462, Suzanne Polinder 211, Farshad Pourmalek 463, Akram Pourshams 464, Hossein Poustchi 464, Swayam Prakash 465, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi 466, Parul Puri 286, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed 91, Navid Rabiee 467, Mohammad Rabiee 468, Amir Radfar 469 470, Anwar Rafay 471, Ata Rafiee 472, Alireza Rafiei 473 474, Fakher Rahim 475 476, Siavash Rahimi 477, Muhammad Aziz Rahman 478 479, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati 480, Fatemeh Rajati 392, Ivo Rakovac 481, Sowmya J Rao 482, Vahid Rashedi 483, Prateek Rastogi 446, Priya Rathi 233, Salman Rawaf 338 484, Lal Rawal 485, Reza Rawassizadeh 486, Vishnu Renjith 487, Serge Resnikoff 488 489, Aziz Rezapour 30, Ana Isabel Ribeiro 490, Jennifer Rickard 491 492, Carlos Miguel Rios González 493 494, Leonardo Roever 495, Luca Ronfani 390, Gholamreza Roshandel 464 496, Basema Saddik 497, Hamid Safarpour 498, Mahdi Safdarian 499 500, S Mohammad Sajadi 501, Payman Salamati 500, Marwa R Rashad Salem 502, Hosni Salem 503, Inbal Salz 504, Abdallah M Samy 505, Juan Sanabria 506 507, Lidia Sanchez Riera 508 509, Milena M Santric Milicevic 510 511, Abdur Razzaque Sarker 512, Arash Sarveazad 513, Brijesh Sathian 514 515, Monika Sawhney 516, Mehdi Sayyah 517, David C Schwebel 518, Soraya Seedat 519, Subramanian Senthilkumaran 520, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi 521, Feng Sha 522, Faramarz Shaahmadi 523, Saeed Shahabi 524, Masood Ali Shaikh 525, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand 526, Aziz Sheikh 527 528, Mika Shigematsu 529, Jae Il Shin 530 531, Rahman Shiri 532, Soraya Siabani 533 534, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir 535 536, Jasvinder A Singh 537 538, Pankaj Kumar Singh 539, Dhirendra Narain Sinha 540 541, Amin Soheili 542 543, Joan B Soriano 544 545, Muluken Bekele Sorrie 546, Ireneous N Soyiri 547 548, Mark A Stokes 549, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan 550, Bryan L Sykes 551, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos 552 553, Karen M Tabb 554, Biruk Wogayehu Taddele 555, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera 556 557, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi 396 558, Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu 559, Ayenew Kassie Tesema Tesema 560, Berhe Etsay Tesfay 561, Rekha Thapar 312, Mariya Vladimirovna Titova 178 562, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye 563, Hamid Reza Tohidinik 347 564, Roman Topor-Madry 565 566, Khanh Bao Tran 567 568, Bach Xuan Tran 569, Jaya Prasad Tripathy 90, Alexander C Tsai 570 571, Aristidis Tsatsakis 572, Lorainne Tudor Car 573, Irfan Ullah 574 575, Saif Ullah 97, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan 260, Era Upadhyay 576, Olalekan A Uthman 577, Pascual R Valdez 578 579, Tommi Juhani Vasankari 580, Yousef Veisani 581, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian 582 583, Francesco S Violante 584 585, Vasily Vlassov 586, Yasir Waheed 587, Yuan-Pang Wang 113, Taweewat Wiangkham 588, Haileab Fekadu Wolde 400, Dawit Habte Woldeyes 589, Temesgen Gebeyehu Wondmeneh 386, Adam Belay Wondmieneh 186 590, Ai-Min Wu 591, Grant M A Wyper 592, Rajaram Yadav 286, Ali Yadollahpour 593, Yuichiro Yano 594, Sanni Yaya 595, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi 596 597, Pengpeng Ye 598, Paul Yip 599 600, Engida Yisma 601, Naohiro Yonemoto 602, Seok-Jun Yoon 292, Yoosik Youm 603, Mustafa Z Younis 604 605, Zabihollah Yousefi 606 607, Chuanhua Yu 608 609, Yong Yu 610, Telma Zahirian Moghadam 30 611, Zoubida Zaidi 612, Sojib Bin Zaman 132 613, Mohammad Zamani 614, Hamed Zandian 611 615, Fatemeh Zarei 616, Zhi-Jiang Zhang 617, Yunquan Zhang 618 619, Arash Ziapour 533, Sanjay Zodpey 620, Rakhi Dandona 1 329 621, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne 1 329 622, Simon I Hay 1 329, Ali H Mokdad 1 329, David M Pigott 1 329, Robert C Reiner 1 329, Theo Vos 1 329
Affiliations
Affiliations
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.- 2Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 3Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- 4Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 5Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- 6Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia.
- 7Radiotherapy Center, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 8Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.
- 9Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Egypt.
- 10Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- 11Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain.
- 12Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- 13Cancer Prevention and Control, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
- 14School of Medicine, Center for Politics, Population and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
- 15Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University Nanjing, Nanjing, China.
- 16Microbiology Department, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan.
- 17Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- 18James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 19Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 20Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria.
- 21Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA.
- 22Department of Computer Sciences, Imam Abdulrehman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- 23Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
- 24Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
- 25Midwifery Department, Arba Minch University, Injbara, Ethiopia.
- 26Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 27Medical Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq.
- 28Department of Information Systems, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
- 29Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.
- 30Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 31Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 32Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
- 33International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia.
- 34Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
- 35Physiotherapy Department, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
- 36King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 37Clinical Practice Guidelines Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 38Alexandria Center for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
- 39Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 40Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan, Iran.
- 41Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
- 42Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- 43Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 44Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.
- 45Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
- 46Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
- 47Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
- 48Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 49School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
- 50Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy.
- 51School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 52Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 53Plastic Surgery Department, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.
- 54The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 55General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru.
- 56School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
- 57Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
- 58Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 59Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 60Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 61Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India.
- 62Biochemistry Unit, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
- 63School of Health Sciences, Univeristi Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
- 64Institute of Health Management Research, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India.
- 65Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- 66Health Policy and Management Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 67Department of Demography, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
- 68Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru, India.
- 69Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
- 70Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.
- 71School of Health Sciences, Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- 72Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 73Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal.
- 74School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- 75Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 76T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 77Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 78Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- 79Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- 80Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- 81Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India.
- 82Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
- 83Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
- 84Psychiatry Department, Bahir Dar University, Bhair Dar, Ethiopia.
- 85Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- 86Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- 87Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 88Department of Internal Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- 89Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic.
- 90Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India.
- 91Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India.
- 92Internal Medicine Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA.
- 93Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India.
- 94Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.
- 95Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 96Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
- 97Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- 98Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 99Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
- 100Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico.
- 101Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 102School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 103Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
- 104Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 105Division of Hematology and Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA.
- 106Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
- 107Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
- 108Research Department, Golden Community, Kathmandu, Nepal.
- 109Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- 110Global eHealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- 111Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico.
- 112Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 113Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- 114Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia.
- 115Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.
- 116Primary Care Services Area, Central Health Directorate, Region Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy.
- 117Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
- 118National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
- 119Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- 120Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 121School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- 122Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- 123Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Brain and Spine Specialists, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 124Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 125Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana.
- 1262nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece.
- 127Ophthalmology Independent Consultant, Athens, Greece.
- 128Pediatrics Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 129Neonatology Department, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- 130Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 131Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
- 132Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 133Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
- 134Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India.
- 135Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 136School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 137Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto - Serviço de Oftalmologia, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 138Department of Environmental Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- 139Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 140Population and Development, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
- 141Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia.
- 142Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 143School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia.
- 144Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 145Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
- 146School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 147Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA.
- 148Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- 149Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 150Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 151Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- 152School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
- 153Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 154Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
- 155Public Health Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
- 156Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
- 157Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 158Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- 159Department of Statistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
- 160Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 161World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada.
- 162Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
- 163Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
- 164Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
- 165Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 166Epidemiology and Population Health, York University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- 167Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
- 168Biology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq.
- 169Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
- 170Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil.
- 171Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 172Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 173Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- 174REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 175Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
- 176Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
- 177Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
- 178Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- 179Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
- 180Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- 181College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia.
- 182Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 183Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
- 184Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 185Public Health Department, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia.
- 186Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 187Pharmacy Department, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 188Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia.
- 189Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 190Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
- 191Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 192Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
- 193Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
- 194Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
- 195Department of Medical Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 196Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
- 197Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- 198Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- 199Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
- 200Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 201Chairman BOG, Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 202Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- 203Nursing and Midwifery Department, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 204Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- 205Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- 206Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 207Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- 208Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil.
- 209Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- 210Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India.
- 211Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
- 212Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, China.
- 213Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
- 214School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
- 215Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain.
- 216Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain.
- 217Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
- 218Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 219Centre for International Health and Section for Ethics and Health Economics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- 220Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- 221Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- 222School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 223Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran.
- 224Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia.
- 225Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
- 226Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 227Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 228Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
- 229CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca. Mexico.
- 230Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- 231Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- 232Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- 233Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
- 234Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 235Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh.
- 236Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- 237Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
- 238Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 239Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania.
- 240Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- 241Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- 242Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- 243Department of Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India.
- 244Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 245School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 246Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
- 247Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 248School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 249Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 250Department for Health Care and Public Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
- 251Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 252Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
- 253Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
- 254Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
- 255Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
- 256Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- 257Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- 258Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China.
- 259Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
- 260Community Medicine Department, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
- 261Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland.
- 262School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.
- 263Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
- 264Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 265Department of Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 266Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
- 267Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
- 268School of Public Health, Department of Health informatics and Health Innovation, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 269Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.
- 270Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 271Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 272Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 273Department of Applied Physics, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland.
- 274Department of Biology and Chemistry, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine.
- 275International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.
- 276Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
- 277Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
- 278Department of Dermatology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
- 279Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
- 280Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- 281School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 282Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 283Department of Physiology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan.
- 284Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
- 285Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- 286Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
- 287Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
- 288Centre for Ethics, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
- 289Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 290Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University Global Surgery Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- 291Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya.
- 292Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
- 293School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.
- 294Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 295Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
- 296School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway.
- 297Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 298Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 299Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India.
- 300Environmental Health Engineering, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
- 301CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain.
- 302Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
- 303Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- 304Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 305Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
- 306Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- 307Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- 308Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey.
- 309Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
- 310Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
- 311Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- 312Community Medicine Department, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
- 313Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
- 314Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
- 315Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 316Orthopaedics Department, Base Hospital Lucknow Cantt, Lucknow, India.
- 317Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.
- 318Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
- 319HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA.
- 320International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico.
- 321Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India.
- 322Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
- 323Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
- 324Clinical Medicine and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
- 325College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
- 326School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
- 327School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
- 328Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- 329Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 330Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- 331Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
- 332Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, FIOCRUZ: Cidacs Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Salvador, Brazil.
- 333Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, England.
- 334Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- 335Ophthalmology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt.
- 336Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
- 337Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
- 338Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- 339Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India.
- 340Health University, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India.
- 341Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- 342Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 343Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
- 344Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- 345Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
- 346Psychiatry Department, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.
- 347Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 348Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- 349Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
- 350Department of Midwifery-Reproductive Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 351Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India.
- 352School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 353Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India.
- 354Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India.
- 355Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- 356Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru.
- 357Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- 358Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
- 359Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- 360University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- 361Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- 362School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- 363Statistics Department, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
- 364Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia.
- 365University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia.
- 366Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
- 367Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
- 368Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
- 369Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA.
- 370Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India.
- 371Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India.
- 372Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania.
- 373President's Office, National Institute of Statistics, Bucharest, Romania.
- 374Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
- 375Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
- 376Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 377Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany.
- 378Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 379Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 380Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 381Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 382Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
- 383Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord, Iran.
- 384Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
- 385Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
- 386Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia.
- 387Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 388Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 389Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
- 390Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.
- 391Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- 392Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 393Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 394Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- 395Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- 396Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 397International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- 398Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama.
- 399Department of Psychiatry, Badhir Dar University, Ethiopia.
- 400Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- 401School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.
- 402Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan.
- 403Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan.
- 404Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 405Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India.
- 406Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India.
- 407Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- 408Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
- 409Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia.
- 410Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 411Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.
- 412Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- 413Mental Health Research Center, IUMS, Tehran, Iran.
- 414Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, IUMS, Tehran, Iran.
- 415Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
- 416Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
- 417Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
- 418Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 419Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 420Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
- 421Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya.
- 422Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 423Project of ADB, National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 424Industrial Management Department, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 425Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 426Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 427Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia.
- 428Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
- 429School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 430Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 431Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana.
- 432UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 433Reproductive Health Sciences, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- 434Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea.
- 435Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- 436Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
- 437Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- 438Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq.
- 439Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.
- 440Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- 441School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- 442Department of Global Health Nursing, St. Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan.
- 443Academic Department, Unium Ltd, Moscow, Russia.
- 444Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
- 445Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India.
- 446Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
- 447Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- 448Parasitology and Mycology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- 449Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 450Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea.
- 451Research and Evaluation Department, Population Council, New Delhi, India.
- 452Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India.
- 453Department of Pediatircs, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India.
- 454Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 455Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India.
- 456Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
- 457School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 458Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines.
- 459Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India.
- 460Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- 461Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- 462Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Sechenon University, Moscow, Russia.
- 463School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- 464Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 465Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
- 466Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia.
- 467Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- 468Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- 469College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
- 470College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA.
- 471Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 472Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- 473Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 474Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 475Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- 476Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 477Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 478School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Victoria, Australia.
- 479School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 480Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
- 481European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russia.
- 482Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India.
- 483School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran.
- 484Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK.
- 485School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 486Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, USA.
- 487Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
- 488Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 489Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France.
- 490EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 491Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- 492Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda.
- 493Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay.
- 494Research Direction, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay.
- 495Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.
- 496Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
- 497College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- 498Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 499Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 500Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 501Nanobiotechnology Center, Soran University, Soran, Iraq.
- 502Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
- 503Urology Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
- 504Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand.
- 505Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 506Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
- 507Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- 508Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.
- 509Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, New South Wales, Australia.
- 510Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
- 511Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
- 512Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 513Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 514Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
- 515Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.
- 516Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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- 518Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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- 520Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India.
- 521Microbiology Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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- 523Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- 524Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- 525Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.
- 526School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- 527Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- 528Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 529National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
- 530College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea.
- 531Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- 532Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
- 533Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 534School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 535Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- 536Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- 537Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- 538Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, USA.
- 539Department of Forensic Medicine, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal.
- 540Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India.
- 541Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India.
- 542Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.
- 543Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
- 544Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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- 547Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, UK.
- 548Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- 549Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 550Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
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- 564HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Abstract
Background: While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria.
Methods: In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced.
Results: GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes.
Conclusions: GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.
Keywords: descriptive epidemiology; methodology; populations/contexts; statistical issues.
© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.
Conflict of interest statement
Competing interests: Dr. James reports grants from Sanofi Pasteur, outside the submitted work. Dr. Driscoll reports grants from World Health Organisation, during the conduct of the study. Dr Shariful Islam is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University. Dr. Ivers reports grants from National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Jozwiak reports personal fees from TEVA, personal fees from ALAB, personal fees from BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM, personal fees from SYNEXUS, non-financial support from SERVIER, non-financial support from MICROLIFE, non-financial support from MEDICOVER, outside the submitted work. Walter Mendoza is currently Program Analyst Population and Development at the Peru Country Office of the United Nations Population Fund-UNFPA, which does not necessarily endorses this study. Dr. Rakovac reports grants from World Health Organization, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Sheikh reports grants from Health Data Research UK, outside the submitted work. Dr. Singh reports personal fees from Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM LLC, Trio health, Medscape, WebMD, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Spherix, Practice Point communications, the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology, personal fees from Speaker’s bureau of Simply Speaking. Dr. Singh owns stock options in Amarin pharmaceuticals and Viking pharmaceuticals. Dr. Singh serves on the steering committee of OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arms-length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies. Dr. Singh serves on the FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee. Dr. Singh is a member of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee. Dr. Singh is the editor and the Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis, outside the submitted work. Dr. Stein reports personal fees from Lundbeck and Sun, outside the submitted work.
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