Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Spencer L James 1, Chris D Castle 2, Zachary V Dingels 2, Jack T Fox 2, Erin B Hamilton 2, Zichen Liu 2, Nicholas L S Roberts 2, Dillon O Sylte 2, Nathaniel J Henry 2, Kate E LeGrand 2, Ahmed Abdelalim 3, Amir Abdoli 4, Ibrahim Abdollahpour 5, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader 6, Aidin Abedi 7, Akine Eshete Abosetugn 8, Abdelrahman I Abushouk 9, Oladimeji M Adebayo 10, Marcela Agudelo-Botero 11, Tauseef Ahmad 12 13, Rushdia Ahmed 14 15, Muktar Beshir Ahmed 16, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour 17, Fares Alahdab 18, Genet Melak Alamene 19, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi 20, Animut Alebel 21, Niguse Meles Alema 22, Suliman A Alghnam 23, Samar Al-Hajj 24 25, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali 26 27, Saqib Ali 28, Mahtab Alikhani 29, Cyrus Alinia 30, Vahid Alipour 31 32, Syed Mohamed Aljunid 33 34, Amir Almasi-Hashiani 35, Nihad A Almasri 36, Khalid Altirkawi 37, Yasser Sami Abdeldayem Amer 38 39, Saeed Amini 40, Arianna Maever Loreche Amit 41 42, Catalina Liliana Andrei 43, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam 44, Carl Abelardo T Antonio 45 46, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah 47 48, Jalal Arabloo 31, Morteza Arab-Zozani 49, Zohreh Arefi 50, Olatunde Aremu 51, Filippo Ariani 52, Amit Arora 53 54, Malke Asaad 55, Babak Asghari 56, Nefsu Awoke 57, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla 58 59, Getinet Ayano 60, Martin Amogre Ayanore 61, Samad Azari 31, Ghasem Azarian 62, Alaa Badawi 63 64, Ashish D Badiye 65, Eleni Bagli 66 67, Atif Amin Baig 68 69, Mohan Bairwa 70 71, Ahad Bakhtiari 72, Arun Balachandran 73 74, Maciej Banach 75 76, Srikanta K Banerjee 77, Palash Chandra Banik 78, Amrit Banstola 79, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo 80, Till Winfried Bärnighausen 81 82, Lope H Barrero 83, Akbar Barzegar 84, Mohsen Bayati 85, Bayisa Abdissa Baye 86, Neeraj Bedi 87 88, Masoud Behzadifar 89, Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma 90, Habte Belete 91, Corina Benjet 92, Derrick A Bennett 93, Isabela M Bensenor 94, Kidanemaryam Berhe 95, Pankaj Bhardwaj 96 97, Anusha Ganapati Bhat 98, Krittika Bhattacharyya 99 100, Sadia Bibi 101, Ali Bijani 102, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed 103 104, Guilherme Borges 92, Antonio Maria Borzì 105, Soufiane Boufous 106, Alexandra Brazinova 107, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko 108, Shyam S Budhathoki 109, Josip Car 110 111, Rosario Cárdenas 112, Félix Carvalho 113, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia 114, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela 115 116, Giulio Castelpietra 117 118, Ferrán Catalá-López 119 120, Ester Cerin 121 122, Joht S Chandan 123, Wagaye Fentahun Chanie 124, Soosanna Kumary Chattu 125, Vijay Kumar Chattu 126, Irini Chatziralli 127 128, Neha Chaudhary 129 130, Daniel Youngwhan Cho 131, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury 132 133, Dinh-Toi Chu 134, Samantha M Colquhoun 135, Maria-Magdalena Constantin 136 137, Vera M Costa 113, Giovanni Damiani 138 139, Ahmad Daryani 140, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes 141, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke 142, Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis 143 144, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz 145 146, Desalegn Getnet Demsie 22, Afshin Derakhshani 147, Kebede Deribe 148 149, Rupak Desai 150, Mostafa Dianati Nasab 151, Diana Dias da Silva 152, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani 153, Kerrie E Doyle 154, Tim Robert Driscoll 155, Eleonora Dubljanin 156, Bereket Duko Adema 157 158, Arielle Wilder Eagan 159 160, Aziz Eftekhari 161 162, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh 163, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki 164, Demelash Abewa Elemineh 165, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary 3, Ziad El-Khatib 166 167, Christian Lycke Ellingsen 168 169, Mohammad Hassan Emamian 170, Daniel Adane Endalew 171, Sharareh Eskandarieh 172, Pawan Sirwan Faris 173 174, Andre Faro 175, Farshad Farzadfar 176, Yousef Fatahi 177, Wubalem Fekadu 91 178, Tomas Y Ferede 179, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad 180 181, Eduarda Fernandes 182, Pietro Ferrara 183, Garumma Tolu Feyissa 184, Irina Filip 185 186, Florian Fischer 187, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan 188, Masoud Foroutan 189, Joel Msafiri Francis 190, Richard Charles Franklin 191 192, Takeshi Fukumoto 193 194, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam 195, Abadi Kahsu Gebre 196, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin 197, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel 198 199, Berhe Gebremichael 200, Getnet Azeze Gedefaw 201 202, Birhanu Geta 203, Mansour Ghafourifard 204, Farhad Ghamari 205, Ahmad Ghashghaee 206, Asadollah Gholamian 207 208, Tiffany K Gill 209, Alessandra C Goulart 94 210, Ayman Grada 211, Michal Grivna 212, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari 213, Rafael Alves Guimarães 214, Yuming Guo 215 216, Gaurav Gupta 217, Juanita A Haagsma 218, Nima Hafezi-Nejad 219 220, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli 221, Brian James Hall 222, Randah R Hamadeh 223, Samer Hamidi 224, Josep Maria Haro 225 226, Md Mehedi Hasan 227, Amir Hasanzadeh 228 229, Soheil Hassanipour 230, Hadi Hassankhani 231 232, Hamid Yimam Hassen 233 234, Rasmus Havmoeller 235, Khezar Hayat 236 237, Delia Hendrie 60, Fatemeh Heydarpour 238, Martha Híjar 239 240, Hung Chak Ho 241, Chi Linh Hoang 242, Michael K Hole 243, Ramesh Holla 244, Naznin Hossain 245 246, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh 247 248, Sorin Hostiuc 249 250, Guoqing Hu 251, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye 252, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi 253, Irena Ilic 156, Milena D Ilic 254, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj 255, Endang Indriasih 256, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani 257, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam 258 259, M Mofizul Islam 260, Rebecca Q Ivers 261, Kathryn H Jacobsen 262, Mohammad Ali Jahani 263, Nader Jahanmehr 264 265, Mihajlo Jakovljevic 266, Farzad Jalilian 267, Sudha Jayaraman 268, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke 269 270, Ravi Prakash Jha 271, Yetunde O John-Akinola 252, Jost B Jonas 272 273, Nitin Joseph 274, Farahnaz Joukar 230, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak 275, Suresh Banayya Jungari 276, Mikk Jürisson 277, Ali Kabir 278, Rajendra Kadel 279, Amaha Kahsay 95, Leila R Kalankesh 280, Rohollah Kalhor 281 282, Teshome Abegaz Kamil 283, Tanuj Kanchan 284, Neeti Kapoor 65, Manoochehr Karami 285, Amir Kasaeian 286 287, Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye 22, Taras Kavetskyy 288 289, Hafte Kahsay Kebede 290, Peter Njenga Keiyoro 291, Abraham Getachew Kelbore 292, Bayew Kelkay 293, Yousef Saleh Khader 294, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie 295, Nauman Khalid 296, Ibrahim A Khalil 297, Rovshan Khalilov 298, Mohammad Khammarnia 299, Ejaz Ahmad Khan 300, Maseer Khan 301, Tripti Khanna 302 303, Habibolah Khazaie 304, Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani 305, Roba Khundkar 306, Daniel N Kiirithio 307, Young-Eun Kim 308, Daniel Kim 309, Yun Jin Kim 310, Adnan Kisa 311, Sezer Kisa 312, Hamidreza Komaki 313 314, Shivakumar K M Kondlahalli 315, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov 108, Ai Koyanagi 316 317, Moritz U G Kraemer 318 319, Kewal Krishan 320, Burcu Kucuk Bicer 321 322, Nuworza Kugbey 323 324, Vivek Kumar 325, Nithin Kumar 274, G Anil Kumar 326, Manasi Kumar 327 328, Girikumar Kumaresh 329, Om P Kurmi 328 330, Oluwatosin Kuti 331, Carlo La Vecchia 332, Faris Hasan Lami 333, Prabhat Lamichhane 334, Justin J Lang 335, Van C Lansingh 336 337, Dennis Odai Laryea 338, Savita Lasrado 339, Arman Latifi 340, Paolo Lauriola 341, Janet L Leasher 342, Shaun Wen Huey Lee 343 344, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo 345, Miriam Levi 52 346, Shanshan Li 215, Shai Linn 347, Xuefeng Liu 348, Alan D Lopez 2 349 350, Paulo A Lotufo 351, Raimundas Lunevicius 352 353, Ronan A Lyons 354, Mohammed Madadin 355, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek 356, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra 357, Marek Majdan 358, Azeem Majeed 359, Jeadran N Malagon-Rojas 360 361, Venkatesh Maled 362 363, Reza Malekzadeh 364 365, Deborah Carvalho Malta 366, Navid Manafi 367 368, Amir Manafi 369, Ana-Laura Manda 370, Narayana Manjunatha 371, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei 230, Borhan Mansouri 372, Mohammad Ali Mansournia 373, Joemer C Maravilla 374, Lyn M March 375, Amanda J Mason-Jones 376, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi 377, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg 131, Pallab K Maulik 378 379, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles 380, Addisu Melese 142, Zeleke Aschalew Melketsedik 381, Peter T N Memiah 382, Walter Mendoza 383, Ritesh G Menezes 384, Meresa Berwo Mengesha 385, Melkamu Merid Mengesha 386, Tuomo J Meretoja 387 388, Atte Meretoja 389 390, Hayimro Edemealem Merie 165, Tomislav Mestrovic 391 392, Bartosz Miazgowski 393, Tomasz Miazgowski 394, Ted R Miller 60 395, G K Mini 396 397, Andreea Mirica 398 399, Erkin M Mirrakhimov 400 401, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh 267, Prasanna Mithra 274, Babak Moazen 402 403, Masoud Moghadaszadeh 404 405, Efat Mohamadi 406, Yousef Mohammad 407, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad 408 409, Aso Mohammad Darwesh 410, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji 411, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani 412, Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani 413, Reza Mohammadpourhodki 414, Shafiu Mohammed 81 415, Jemal Abdu Mohammed 416, Farnam Mohebi 176 417, Mariam Molokhia 418, Lorenzo Monasta 419, Yoshan Moodley 420, Mahmood Moosazadeh 421, Masoud Moradi 422, Ghobad Moradi 423 424, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh 425, Farhad Moradpour 423, Lidia Morawska 426, Ilais Moreno Velásquez 427, Naho Morisaki 428, Shane Douglas Morrison 131, Tilahun Belete Mossie 91, Atalay Goshu Muluneh 429, Srinivas Murthy 430, Kamarul Imran Musa 431, Ghulam Mustafa 432 433, Ashraf F Nabhan 434 435, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan 436 437, Gurudatta Naik 438, Mukhammad David Naimzada 439 440, Farid Najafi 441, Vinay Nangia 442, Bruno Ramos Nascimento 443, Morteza Naserbakht 425 444, Vinod Nayak 445, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe 446, Ionut Negoi 447 448, Josephine W Ngunjiri 449, Cuong Tat Nguyen 450, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen 450, Rajan Nikbakhsh 451 452, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum 453 454, Chukwudi A Nnaji 446 455, Peter S Nyasulu 456, Felix Akpojene Ogbo 113, Onome Bright Oghenetega 457, In-Hwan Oh 458, Emmanuel Wandera Okunga 459, Andrew T Olagunju 460 461, Tinuke O Olagunju 462, Ahmed Omar Bali 463, Obinna E Onwujekwe 464, Kwaku Oppong Asante 465 466, Heather M Orpana 467 468, Erika Ota 469, Nikita Otstavnov 439 470, Stanislav S Otstavnov 439 471, Mahesh P A 472, Jagadish Rao Padubidri 473, Smita Pakhale 474, Keyvan Pakshir 475, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas 476, Eun-Kee Park 477, Sangram Kishor Patel 478 479, Ashish Pathak 166 480, Sanghamitra Pati 481, George C Patton 482 483, Kebreab Paulos 484, Amy E Peden 192 485, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito 486, Jeevan Pereira 487, Hai Quang Pham 450, Michael R Phillips 488 489, Marina Pinheiro 490, Roman V Polibin 491, Suzanne Polinder 218, Hossein Poustchi 364, Swayam Prakash 492, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi 493, Parul Puri 494, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed 97, Mohammad Rabiee 495, Navid Rabiee 496, Amir Radfar 497 498, Anwar Rafay 499, Ata Rafiee 500, Alireza Rafiei 501 502, Fakher Rahim 503 504, Siavash Rahimi 505, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar 506, Muhammad Aziz Rahman 507 508, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati 509, Fatemeh Rajati 422, Ivo Rakovac 510, Kavitha Ranganathan 511, Sowmya J Rao 512, Vahid Rashedi 513, Prateek Rastogi 514, Priya Rathi 515, Salman Rawaf 359 516, Lal Rawal 517, Reza Rawassizadeh 518, Vishnu Renjith 519, Andre M N Renzaho 520 521, Serge Resnikoff 522, Aziz Rezapour 523, Ana Isabel Ribeiro 524, Jennifer Rickard 525 526, Carlos Miguel Rios González 527 528, Luca Ronfani 419, Gholamreza Roshandel 364 529, Anas M Saad 530, Yogesh Damodar Sabde 531, Siamak Sabour 532, Basema Saddik 533, Saeed Safari 534, Roya Safari-Faramani 535, Hamid Safarpour 536, Mahdi Safdarian 506 537, S Mohammad Sajadi 538, Payman Salamati 506, Farkhonde Salehi 539, Saleh Salehi Zahabi 540 541, Marwa R Rashad Salem 542, Hosni Salem 543, Omar Salman 544 545, Inbal Salz 546, Abdallah M Samy 547, Juan Sanabria 548 549, Lidia Sanchez Riera 550 551, Milena M Santric Milicevic 552 553, Abdur Razzaque Sarker 554, Arash Sarveazad 555, Brijesh Sathian 556 557, Monika Sawhney 558, Susan M Sawyer 559 560, Sonia Saxena 561, Mehdi Sayyah 562, David C Schwebel 563, Soraya Seedat 564, Subramanian Senthilkumaran 565, Sadaf G Sepanlou 364 365, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi 566, Feng Sha 567, Faramarz Shaahmadi 568, Saeed Shahabi 569, Masood Ali Shaikh 570, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand 571, Morteza Shamsizadeh 572, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini 506, Hamid Sharifi 573, Aziz Sheikh 574 575, Mika Shigematsu 576, Jae Il Shin 577 578, Rahman Shiri 579, Soraya Siabani 580 581, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir 582 583, Pankaj Kumar Singh 584, Jasvinder A Singh 585 586, Dhirendra Narain Sinha 587 588, Catalin-Gabriel Smarandache 589 590, Emma U R Smith 591 592, Amin Soheili 593 594, Bija Soleymani 238, Ali Reza Soltanian 595, Joan B Soriano 596 597, Muluken Bekele Sorrie 598, Ireneous N Soyiri 599 600, Dan J Stein 601 602, Mark A Stokes 603, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan 604, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria 605, Bryan L Sykes 606, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos 607 608, Karen M Tabb 609, Biruk Wogayehu Taddele 610, Degena Bahrey Tadesse 198 611, Animut Tagele Tamiru 612, Ingan Ukur Tarigan 256, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera 613 614, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi 425 615, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle 200, Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu 616, Ayenew Kassie Tesema 617, Berhe Etsay Tesfay 618, Rekha Thapar 274, Asres Bedaso Tilahune 619, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye 143, Hamid Reza Tohidinik 373 573, Roman Topor-Madry 620 621, Bach Xuan Tran 622, Khanh Bao Tran 623 624, Jaya Prasad Tripathy 625, Alexander C Tsai 626 627, Lorainne Tudor Car 628, Saif Ullah 629, Irfan Ullah 630 631, Maida Umar 632, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan 274, Era Upadhyay 633, Olalekan A Uthman 634, Pascual R Valdez 635 636, Tommi Juhani Vasankari 637, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian 638 639, Francesco S Violante 640 641, Vasily Vlassov 642, Yasir Waheed 643, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel 198, Andrea Werdecker 644 645, Taweewat Wiangkham 646, Haileab Fekadu Wolde 429, Dawit Habte Woldeyes 647, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash 648 649, Temesgen Gebeyehu Wondmeneh 416, Adam Belay Wondmieneh 197 650, Ai-Min Wu 651, Rajaram Yadav 494, Ali Yadollahpour 652, Yuichiro Yano 653, Sanni Yaya 654, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi 655 656, Paul Yip 657 658, Engida Yisma 659, Naohiro Yonemoto 660, Seok-Jun Yoon 308, Yoosik Youm 661, Mustafa Z Younis 662 663, Zabihollah Yousefi 664 665, Yong Yu 666, Chuanhua Yu 667 668, Hasan Yusefzadeh 30, Telma Zahirian Moghadam 31 669, Zoubida Zaidi 670, Sojib Bin Zaman 132 671, Mohammad Zamani 672, Maryam Zamanian 35, Hamed Zandian 669 673, Ahmad Zarei 674, Fatemeh Zare 675, Zhi-Jiang Zhang 676, Yunquan Zhang 677 678, Sanjay Zodpey 679, Lalit Dandona 2 326 350, Rakhi Dandona 2 326, Louisa Degenhardt 2 680, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne 2 350 681, Simon I Hay 2 350, Ali H Mokdad 2 350, Robert C Reiner Jr 2 350, Benn Sartorius 350 682, Theo Vos 2 350
Affiliations
Affiliations
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA spencj@uw.edu.- 2Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 3Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 4Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
- 5Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- 6Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 7Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- 8Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.
- 9Cardiovascular Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Egypt.
- 10Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- 11School of Medicine Center for Politics, Population and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
- 12Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University Nanjing, Nanjing, China.
- 13Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan.
- 14James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 15Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 16Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- 17Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria.
- 18Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA.
- 19School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia.
- 20Department of Computer Sciences, Imam Abdulrehman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- 21Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
- 22Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
- 23Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 24Faculty of Health Sciences - Health Management and Policy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
- 25British Columbia Injury Research Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- 26Medical Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq.
- 27Faculty of Pharmacy, Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq.
- 28Department of Information Systems, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
- 29School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 30Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.
- 31Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 32Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 33Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
- 34International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia.
- 35Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
- 36Physiotherapy Department, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
- 37King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 38Clinical Practice Guidelines Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 39Alexandria Center for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
- 40Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
- 41Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
- 42Online Programs for Applied Learning, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- 43Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 44Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan, Iran.
- 45Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
- 46Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
- 47Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
- 48Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
- 49Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
- 50Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 51School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK.
- 52Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy.
- 53School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 54Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 55Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.
- 56Department of Microbiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Azad Tabriz University, Iran.
- 57Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
- 58The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- 59General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru.
- 60School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
- 61Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
- 62Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 63Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 64Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 65Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India.
- 66Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
- 67Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology, Ioannina, Greece.
- 68Biochemistry Unit, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
- 69School of Health Sciences, Univeristi Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
- 70Institute of Health Management Research, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India.
- 71Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- 72Health Policy And Management Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 73Department of Demography, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
- 74Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru, India.
- 75Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
- 76Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland.
- 77School of Health Sciences, Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- 78Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 79Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal.
- 80School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- 81Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 82T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 83Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia.
- 84Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 85Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- 86Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia.
- 87Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India.
- 88Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
- 89Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
- 90Institute of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.
- 91Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 92Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico.
- 93Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- 94Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- 95Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 96Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.
- 97Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India.
- 98Department of Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA.
- 99Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India.
- 100Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.
- 101Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- 102Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 103National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
- 104Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 105Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
- 106Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 107Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
- 108Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
- 109Research Department, Golden Community, Kathmandu, Nepal.
- 110Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
- 111Global eHealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- 112Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico.
- 113Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 114Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- 115Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia.
- 116Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.
- 117Primary Care Services Area, Central Health Directorate, Region Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy.
- 118Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
- 119National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
- 120Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- 121Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- 122School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- 123Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- 124Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- 125Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana.
- 126Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- 1272nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece.
- 128Ophthalmology Private Practice Office, Independent Consultant, Athens, Greece.
- 129Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 130Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical center, Boston, MA, USA.
- 131Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 132Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 133Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
- 134Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 135Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Action, ACT, Australia.
- 136Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 1372nd Department of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
- 138Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- 139Department of Dermatology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- 140Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 141Population and Development, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
- 142Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 143Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia.
- 144School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- 145School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia.
- 146Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 147Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
- 148Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
- 149School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 150Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA.
- 151Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- 152Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 153Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 154School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
- 155Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- 156Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
- 157Public Health Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
- 158Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
- 159Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 160Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- 161Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
- 162Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 163National Institute for Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 164Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
- 165Department of Statistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
- 166Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 167World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada.
- 168Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
- 169Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
- 170Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
- 171Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia.
- 172Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 173Biology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq.
- 174Biology and Biotechnolaniogy"L Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
- 175Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil.
- 176Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 177Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 178Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 179Nursing Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
- 180Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 181Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- 182REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 183Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
- 184Department of Health Education & Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- 185Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA.
- 186School of Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA.
- 187Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
- 188Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
- 189Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
- 190Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- 191College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia.
- 192Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- 193Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
- 194Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 195Public Health Department, Madda Walabu University, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia.
- 196School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 197Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 198Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia.
- 199Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 200School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
- 201Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 202Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
- 203Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
- 204Department of Medical Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 205Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
- 206Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 207Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- 208Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
- 209Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- 210Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- 211Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 212Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- 213Technical College of Health, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani, Iraq.
- 214Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil.
- 215School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- 216Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- 217Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India.
- 218Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
- 219Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- 220School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 221Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
- 222Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, China.
- 223Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
- 224School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
- 225Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain.
- 226Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain.
- 227Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia.
- 228Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
- 229Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 230Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- 231School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 232Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran.
- 233Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia.
- 234Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
- 235Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 236Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 237Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China.
- 238Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 239Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
- 240CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
- 241Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- 242Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- 243Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- 244Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
- 245Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 246Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh.
- 247Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- 248Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
- 249Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 250Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania.
- 251Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- 252Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- 253Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- 254Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
- 255Department of Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India.
- 256Center for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia.
- 257Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 258Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia.
- 259Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- 260School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- 261School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
- 262Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
- 263Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 264School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 265Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 266Department for Health Care and Public Health, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
- 267Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 268Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
- 269Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
- 270Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
- 271Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
- 272Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- 273Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China.
- 274Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
- 275Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland.
- 276School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.
- 277Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
- 278Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 279Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
- 280Department of Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 281Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
- 282Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
- 283School of Public Health, Department of Health Informatics and Health Innovation, A C S Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 284Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India.
- 285Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 286Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 287Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 288Department of Applied Physics, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland.
- 289Department of Biology and Chemistry, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine.
- 290Department of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- 291Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
- 292Department of Dermatology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
- 293Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- 294Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
- 295Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- 296School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 297Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 298Department of Physiology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan.
- 299Health Care Management, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, zahedan, Iran.
- 300Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- 301Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
- 302Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
- 303Centre for Ethics, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
- 304Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 305Department of Epidemiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 306Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University Global Surgery Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- 307Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya.
- 308Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
- 309Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 310School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.
- 311School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway.
- 312Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
- 313Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 314Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 315Department of Public Health Dentistry, Deemed University, karad, India.
- 316CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain.
- 317Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
- 318Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- 319Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 320Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
- 321Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey.
- 322Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
- 323Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
- 324Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- 325Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 326Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.
- 327Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
- 328Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- 329Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, India.
- 330Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- 331Health and Nutrition Section, United Nations Childrens' Fund (UNICEF), Accra, Ghana.
- 332Department of Clinical Medicine and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
- 333Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
- 334School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
- 335Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- 336HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA.
- 337International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico.
- 338Disease Control Department, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana.
- 339Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India.
- 340Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
- 341Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
- 342College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
- 343School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
- 344School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.
- 345School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
- 346Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
- 347School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
- 348Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- 349School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- 350Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 351Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- 352Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
- 353Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- 354Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
- 355College of Medicine, Pathology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- 356Ophthalmology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt.
- 357Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
- 358Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
- 359Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- 360Public Health Research Department, National Health Institute Colombia, Bogota, Colombia.
- 361Faculty of Medicine, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia.
- 362Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India.
- 363Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India.
- 364Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 365Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- 366Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- 367Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 368Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- 369Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- 370Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
- 371Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.
- 372Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 373Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 374Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- 375Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
- 376Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
- 377Department of Midwifery-Reproductive Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 378Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India.
- 379School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- 380Department of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 381Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
- 382Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- 383Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru.
- 384Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- 385College of Health Science, Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
- 386Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
- 387Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- 388University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- 389Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- 390School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- 391Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, ZoraProfozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia.
- 392University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia.
- 393Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
- 394Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
- 395Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA.
- 396Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India.
- 397Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India.
- 398Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania.
- 399President's Office, National Institute of Statistics Romania, Bucharest, Romania.
- 400Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
- 401Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
- 402Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 403Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany.
- 404Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 405Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 406Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 407Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 408Research Center, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq.
- 409Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq.
- 410Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
- 411Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 412Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
- 413Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
- 414Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
- 415Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
- 416Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia.
- 417Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 418Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
- 419Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.
- 420Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- 421Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 422Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 423Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- 424Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- 425Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 426International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- 427Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama.
- 428Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan.
- 429Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- 430Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- 431School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia.
- 432Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan.
- 433Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan.
- 434Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 435Knowledge Translation and Utilization, Egyptian Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Egypt.
- 436Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India.
- 437Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India.
- 438Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- 439Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
- 440Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia.
- 441Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 442Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.
- 443Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- 444Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 445Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
- 446Cochrane Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 447Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 448Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
- 449Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya.
- 450Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 451Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 452Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 453Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia.
- 454Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
- 455School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 456Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 457Reproductive Health Sciences, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- 458Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea.
- 459Disease Surveillance and Epidemic Response, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.
- 460Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- 461Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
- 462Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- 463Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq.
- 464Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.
- 465Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
- 466Discipline of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- 467Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- 468School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- 469Department of Global Health Nursing, St Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan.
- 470Academic department, Unium Ltd, Moscow, Russia.
- 471Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
- 472Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India.
- 473Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
- 474Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa ON, Canada.
- 475Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- 476Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 477Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea.
- 478Research and Evaluation, Population Council, New Delhi, India.
- 479Indian Institute of Health Management Research University Delhi, Jaipur, India.
- 480Department of Pediatircs, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India.
- 481Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India.
- 482Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- 483Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- 484Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
- 485School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- 486Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines.
- 487Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India.
- 488Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- 489Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA.
- 490Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 491Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Sechenon University, Moscow, Russia.
- 492Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
- 493Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia.
- 494Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
- 495Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- 496Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- 497College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
- 498College of Graduate Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA.
- 499Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 500Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- 501Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 502Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 503Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- 504Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 505Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 506Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 507School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia.
- 508School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- 509Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
- 510European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russia.
- 511Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- 512Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India.
- 513School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran.
- 514Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
- 515Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India.
- 516Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK.
- 517School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- 518Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, USA.
- 519Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
- 520School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
- 521Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
- 522Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- 523Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France.
- 524EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 525Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- 526Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda.
- 527Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay.
- 528Research Direction, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay.
- 529Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
- 530Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 531National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal, India.
- 532Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 533College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- 534Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 535Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 536Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 537Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 538Nanobiotechnology Center, Soran University, Soran, Iraq.
- 539Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 540Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 541Research Deputy, Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 542Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
- 543Department of Urology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 544Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- 545Global Health Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
- 546Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand.
- 547Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 548Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
- 549Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- 550Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.
- 551Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, NSW, Australia.
- 552Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
- 553Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
- 554Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- 555Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 556Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
- 557Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.
- 558Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
- 559Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- 560Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- 561School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- 562Faculty member of Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- 563Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- 564Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 565Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India.
- 566Microbiology Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- 567Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- 568Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- 569Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- 570Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.
- 571School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- 572Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 573HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- 574Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- 575Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- 576National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
- 577College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea.
- 578Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- 579Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
- 580Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 581School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- 582Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- 583Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- 584Department of Forensic Medicine, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal.
- 585Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- 586Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, USA.
- 587Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India.
- 588Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India.
- 5892nd Department of Surgery-SUUB, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 5902nd Surgery Department, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
- 591Pain Management Research Institute (PMRI), Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
- 592Michael J Cousins Pain Management & Research Centre, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
- 593Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.
- 594Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
- 595Department of Biostatistics, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 596Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- 597Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
- 598Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
- 599Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, UK.
- 600Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- 601Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 602South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 603Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia.
- 604Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
- 605Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- 606Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- 607Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
- 608Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain.
- 609School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
- 610Department of Public Health, Arbaminch College of Health Sciences, Arbaminch town sikela, Ethiopia.
- 611Axum College of Health Science, mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 612School of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- 613School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- 614Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
- 615Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 616Department of Pharmacognosy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 617Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- 618Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
- 619Psychiatry Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
- 620Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
- 621The Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland.
- 622Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 623Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- 624Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 625Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India.
- 626Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- 627Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
- 628Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
- 629Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, A T Still University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- 630Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan.
- 631TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan.
- 632Research Department, National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS), Islamabad, Pakistan.
- 633Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
- 634Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- 635Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- 636Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- 637UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.
- 638Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore.
- 639Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
- 640Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- 641Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
- 642Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
- 643Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- 644Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany.
- 645Center of Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany.
- 646Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Meung District, Thailand.
- 647Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 648Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 649Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis ababa, Ethiopia.
- 650Department of Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
- 651Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- 652Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- 653Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- 654School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada.
- 655Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- 656Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- 657Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- 658Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- 659School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 660Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
- 661Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
- 662Department of Health Policy & Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA.
- 663School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- 664Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 665Department of Environmental Health, Academy of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.
- 666School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.
- 667Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- 668Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- 669Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran.
- 670Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria.
- 671Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- 672Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 673Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran.
- 674Department of Environment Health Engineering, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
- 675Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
- 676Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- 677School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- 678Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- 679Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.
- 680National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- 681Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
- 682Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Abstract
Background: Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries.
Methods: We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).
Findings: In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505).
Interpretation: Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.
Keywords: burden of disease; descriptive epidemiology; global.
Conflict of interest statement
Competing interests: Dr. James reports grants from Sanofi Pasteur, outside the submitted work. Dr. Driscoll reports grants from World Health Organization, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Ivers reports grants from National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Jozwiak reports personal fees from TEVA, personal fees from ALAB, personal fees from BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM, personal fees from SYNEXUS, non-financial support from SERVIER, non-financial support from MICROLIFE, non-financial support from MEDICOVER, outside the submitted work. Dr. Rakovac reports grants from World Health Organization, during the conduct of the study. Dr Shariful Islam is funded by National Heart Foundation of Australia and Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University. Dr. Sheikh reports grants from Health Data Research UK, outside the submitted work. Dr. Singh reports personal fees from Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM LLC, Trio health, Medscape, WebMD, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Spherix, Practice Point communications, the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology, and Speaker’s bureau of Simply Speaking, owns stock options in Amarin pharmaceuticals and Viking pharmaceuticals, serves on the steering committee of OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm’s length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, serves on the FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee, is a member of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee, and is the editor and the Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis, outside the submitted work. Dr. Stein reports personal fees from Lundbeck, personal fees from Sun, outside the submitted work. Dr. Degenhardt reports grants from Indivior, Seqirus, Reckitt Benckiser, outside the submitted work.
Figures
Similar articles
GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators.Lancet Psychiatry. 2022 Feb;9(2):137-150. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00395-3. Epub 2022 Jan 10.PMID: 35026139 Free PMC article.
GBD 2013 DALYs and HALE Collaborators; Murray CJ, Barber RM, Foreman KJ, Abbasoglu Ozgoren A, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Aboyans V, Abraham JP, Abubakar I, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Achoki T, Ackerman IN, Ademi Z, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Afshin A, Agardh EE, Alam SS, Alasfoor D, Albittar MI, Alegretti MA, Alemu ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Alhabib S, Ali R, Alla F, Allebeck P, Almazroa MA, Alsharif U, Alvarez E, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare AT, Ameh EA, Amini H, Ammar W, Anderson HR, Anderson BO, Antonio CA, Anwari P, Arnlöv J, Arsic Arsenijevic VS, Artaman A, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atkins LS, Avila MA, Awuah B, Bachman VF, Badawi A, Bahit MC, Balakrishnan K, Banerjee A, Barker-Collo SL, Barquera S, Barregard L, Barrero LH, Basu A, Basu S, Basulaiman MO, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Beghi E, Bekele T, Bell ML, Benjet C, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Benzian H, Bernabé E, Bertozzi-Villa A, Beyene TJ, Bhala N, Bhalla A, Bhutta ZA, Bienhoff K, Bikbov B, Biryukov S, Blore JD, Blosser CD, Blyth FM, Bohensky MA, Bolliger IW, Bora Başara B, Bornstein NM, Bose D, Boufous S, Bourne RR, Boyers LN, Brainin M, Brayne CE, Brazinova A, Breitborde NJ, Brenner H, Briggs AD, Brooks PM, Brown JC, Brugha TS, Buchbinder R, Buck…See abstract for full author list ➔Lancet. 2015 Nov 28;386(10009):2145-91. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61340-X. Epub 2015 Aug 28.PMID: 26321261 Free PMC article.
James SL, Lucchesi LR, Bisignano C, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, Fox JT, Hamilton EB, Henry NJ, Krohn KJ, Liu Z, McCracken D, Nixon MR, Roberts NLS, Sylte DO, Adsuar JC, Arora A, Briggs AM, Collado-Mateo D, Cooper C, Dandona L, Dandona R, Ellingsen CL, Fereshtehnejad SM, Gill TK, Haagsma JA, Hendrie D, Jürisson M, Kumar GA, Lopez AD, Miazgowski T, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirrakhimov EM, Mohamadi E, Olivares PR, Rahim F, Riera LS, Villafaina S, Yano Y, Hay SI, Lim SS, Mokdad AH, Naghavi M, Murray CJL.Inj Prev. 2020 Oct;26(Supp 1):i3-i11. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043286. Epub 2020 Jan 15.PMID: 31941758 Free PMC article.
Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, Baxter AJ, Ferrari AJ, Erskine HE, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Flaxman AD, Johns N, Burstein R, Murray CJ, Vos T.Lancet. 2013 Nov 9;382(9904):1575-86. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61611-6. Epub 2013 Aug 29.PMID: 23993280 Review.
Degenhardt L, Whiteford HA, Ferrari AJ, Baxter AJ, Charlson FJ, Hall WD, Freedman G, Burstein R, Johns N, Engell RE, Flaxman A, Murray CJ, Vos T.Lancet. 2013 Nov 9;382(9904):1564-74. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61530-5. Epub 2013 Aug 29.PMID: 23993281 Review.
Cited by
Hetaimish BM, Abualross O, Alesawi A, Namenkani M, Alramadhani A, Samargandi R.Cureus. 2023 Jun 5;15(6):e39974. doi: 10.7759/cureus.39974. eCollection 2023 Jun.PMID: 37416005 Free PMC article.
Berheto TM, Sengoelge M, Tadesse S, Workie SB, Tessema G, Memirie ST, Mohammed S, Getnet F, Walker A, Naghavi M, Misganaw A.Front Public Health. 2023 May 22;11:1149966. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1149966. eCollection 2023.PMID: 37333551 Free PMC article.
Arbizu-Fernández E, Echarri-Sucunza A, Galbete A, Fortún-Moral M, Belzunegui-Otano T.BMC Emerg Med. 2023 May 24;23(1):54. doi: 10.1186/s12873-023-00818-6.PMID: 37226131 Free PMC article.
Mould-Millman NK, Dixon JM, Lategan HJ, Beaty B, Fosdick B, Fleischer C, de Vries S, Schauer SG, Steyn E, Verster J, Hodsdon L, Mukonkole S, Doubell K, Stassen W, Keenan S, Cunningham C, Moore EE, Ginde AA, Bebarta VS.J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023 Aug 1;95(2S Suppl 1):S88-S98. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000004066. Epub 2023 May 22.PMID: 37212617 Free PMC article.
Core health indicators in countries with high proportion of expatriates: Case study of Qatar.
Moradi-Lakeh M, Toumi A, Khalifa SE, Doctor HV, Alyafei S, Al Hamad SK, Al-Thani M, Rashidian A.Front Public Health. 2023 Feb 7;11:1035686. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1035686. eCollection 2023.PMID: 36825143 Free PMC article.
KMEL References
References
-
- Sunshine JE, Meo N, Kassebaum NJ, et al. . Association of adverse effects of medical treatment with mortality in the United States: a secondary analysis of the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study. JAMA Netw Open 2019;2:e187041 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.7041 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Goal 3. sustainable development knowledge platform. Available: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg3 [Accessed 29 Sep 2019].
-
- Roth GA, Abate D, Abate KH, et al. . Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. The Lancet 2018;392:1736–88. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32203-7 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Stanaway JD, Afshin A, Gakidou E, et al. . Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. The Lancet 2018;392:1923–94. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- Kyu HH, Abate D, Abate KH, et al. . Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. The Lancet 2018;392:1859–922. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32335-3 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- James SL, Abate D, Abate KH, et al. . Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. The Lancet 2018;392:1789–858. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
-
- China Zhuhai Study 2006-2007 - China CDC | GHDx. Available: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/china-zhuhai-study-2006-2007-china-cdc [Accessed 15 May 2018].
-
- Functional outcome at 2.5, 5, 9, and 24 months after injury in the Netherlands | GHDx. Available: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/functional-outcome-25-5-9-and-24-month... [Accessed 15 May 2018].
-
- Health-Related quality of life after burns: a prospective multicentre cohort study with 18 months follow-up | GHDx. Available: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/health-related-quality-life-after-burn... [Accessed 15 May 2018].
-
- Netherlands injury surveillance system 2007 | GHDx. Available: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/netherlands-injury-surveillance-system... [Accessed 15 May 2018].
-
- Netherlands injury surveillance system 2010 | GHDx. Available: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/netherlands-injury-surveillance-system... [Accessed 14 May 2018].
-
- Traumatic Brain Injury(TBI) Follow-Up Registry and Surveillance of TBI in the Emergency Department (ED); Notice of Availability of Funds. Federal Register, 2002. Available: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2002/05/08/02-11359/traumatic-... [Accessed 14 May 2018].
-
- Who | global status report on road safety, 2018. Available: https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018/en/ [Accessed 22 Jul 2019].
-
- Safety 2020 Safety 2020. Available: https://www.worldsafety2020.com [Accessed 22 Jul 2019].