Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study
Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration; Christina Fitzmaurice 1 2, Degu Abate 3, Naghmeh Abbasi 4, Hedayat Abbastabar 5, Foad Abd-Allah 6, Omar Abdel-Rahman 7 8, Ahmed Abdelalim 6, Amir Abdoli 9 10, Ibrahim Abdollahpour 11 12, Abdishakur S M Abdulle 13, Nebiyu Dereje Abebe 14 15, Haftom Niguse Abraha 16, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad 17, Ahmed Abualhasan 6, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji 18, Shailesh M Advani 19 20, Mohsen Afarideh 21, Mahdi Afshari 22, Mohammad Aghaali 23, Dominic Agius 24, Sutapa Agrawal 25 26, Ayat Ahmadi 27, Elham Ahmadian 28, Ehsan Ahmadpour 29, Muktar Beshir Ahmed 30, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari 31, Tomi Akinyemiju 32 33, Ziyad Al-Aly 34 35, Assim M AlAbdulKader 36 37, Fares Alahdab 38, Tahiya Alam 1, Genet Melak Alamene 39, Birhan Tamene T Alemnew 40 41, Kefyalew Addis Alene 42 43, Cyrus Alinia 44, Vahid Alipour 45 46, Syed Mohamed Aljunid 47 48, Fatemeh Allah Bakeshei 49, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad Almadi 50 51, Amir Almasi-Hashiani 11, Ubai Alsharif 52, Shirina Alsowaidi 53, Nelson Alvis-Guzman 54 55, Erfan Amini 56, Saeed Amini 57, Yaw Ampem Amoako 58, Zohreh Anbari 57, Nahla Hamed Anber 59, Catalina Liliana Andrei 60, Mina Anjomshoa 61, Fereshteh Ansari 62, Ansariadi Ansariadi 63, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah 64 65, Morteza Arab-Zozani 66, Jalal Arabloo 45, Zohreh Arefi 67, Olatunde Aremu 68, Habtamu Abera Areri 69, Al Artaman 70, Hamid Asayesh 71, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw 72, Alebachew Fasil Ashagre 73, Reza Assadi 74, Bahar Ataeinia 75, Hagos Tasew Atalay 76, Zerihun Ataro 77, Suleman Atique 78 79, Marcel Ausloos 80, Leticia Avila-Burgos 81, Euripide F G A Avokpaho 82 83, Ashish Awasthi 25 84, Nefsu Awoke 85, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla 86 87, Martin Amogre Ayanore 88, Henok Tadesse Ayele 89 90, Ebrahim Babaee 91, Umar Bacha 92, Alaa Badawi 93 94, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh 95, Eleni Bagli 96 97, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan 98, Abbas Balouchi 99, Till Winfried Bärnighausen 100 101, Robert J Battista 102, Masoud Behzadifar 45 103, Meysam Behzadifar 104, Bayu Begashaw Bekele 42 105, Yared Belete Belay 106 107, Yaschilal Muche Belayneh 108, Kathleen Kim Sachiko Berfield 109, Adugnaw Berhane 14, Eduardo Bernabe 110, Mircea Beuran 111, Nickhill Bhakta 112, Krittika Bhattacharyya 113, Belete Biadgo 73, Ali Bijani 114, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed 115 116, Charles Birungi 117 118, Catherine Bisignano 1, Helen Bitew 119, Tone Bjørge 120 121, Archie Bleyer 122 123, Kassawmar Angaw Bogale 124, Hunduma Amensisa Bojia 125, Antonio M Borzì 126, Cristina Bosetti 127, Ibrahim R Bou-Orm 128, Hermann Brenner 129, Jerry D Brewer 130, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko 131, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko 132, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira 133, Zahid A Butt 134 135, Giulia Carreras 136, Juan J Carrero 137, Félix Carvalho 138 139, Clara Castro 140 141, Franz Castro 142, Ferrán Catalá-López 143 144, Ester Cerin 145 146, Yazan Chaiah 147, Wagaye Fentahun Chanie 148, Vijay Kumar Chattu 149 150, Pankaj Chaturvedi 151, Neelima Singh Chauhan 152, Mohammad Chehrazi 153 154, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang 155, Tesfaye Yitna Chichiabellu 85, Onyema Greg Chido-Amajuoyi 156, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir 157, Jee-Young J Choi 158, Devasahayam J Christopher 159, Dinh-Toi Chu 160 161, Maria-Magdalena Constantin 162 163, Vera M Costa 164, Emanuele Crocetti 165, Christopher Stephen Crowe 166, Maria Paula Curado 167, Saad M A Dahlawi 168, Giovanni Damiani 169, Amira Hamed Darwish 170, Ahmad Daryani 171, José das Neves 172 173, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke 174, Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis 175 176, Birhanu Wondimeneh Demissie 85, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz 177 178, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez 179, Afshin Derakhshani 180, Kalkidan Solomon Deribe 181, Rupak Desai 182, Beruk Berhanu Desalegn 183, Melaku Desta 184 185, Subhojit Dey 186, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne 1 187, Meghnath Dhimal 188, Daniel Diaz 185 189, Mesfin Tadese Tadese Dinberu 184, Shirin Djalalinia 190, David Teye Doku 191 192, Thomas M Drake 193, Manisha Dubey 194, Eleonora Dubljanin 195, Eyasu Ejeta Duken 196 197, Hedyeh Ebrahimi 75 198, Andem Effiong 199, Aziz Eftekhari 28 200, Iman El Sayed 201, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki 202, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary 6, Ziad El-Khatib 203, Demelash Abewa Elemineh 204, Hajer Elkout 205 206, Richard G Ellenbogen 207 208, Aisha Elsharkawy 209, Mohammad Hassan Emamian 210, Daniel Adane Endalew 211, Aman Yesuf Endries 212, Babak Eshrati 213 214, Ibtihal Fadhil 215, Vahid Fallah Omrani 216, Mahbobeh Faramarzi 217, Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi 218, Andrea Farioli 219, Farshad Farzadfar 75, Netsanet Fentahun 220, Eduarda Fernandes 221, Garumma Tolu Feyissa 222 223, Irina Filip 224 225, Florian Fischer 226, James L Fisher 227, Lisa M Force 1 228, Masoud Foroutan 229, Marisa Freitas 230, Takeshi Fukumoto 231 232, Neal D Futran 233, Silvano Gallus 234, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe 235 236, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa 237, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot 30, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel 76 238, Getnet Azeze Gedefaw 239 240, Belayneh K Gelaw 241, Birhanu Geta 108, Sefonias Getachew 181 242, Kebede Embaye Gezae 243, Mansour Ghafourifard 244, Alireza Ghajar 21 245, Ahmad Ghashghaee 246, Asadollah Gholamian 247 248, Paramjit Singh Gill 249, Themba T G Ginindza 250 251, Alem Girmay 252, Muluken Gizaw 14, Ricardo Santiago Gomez 253, Sameer Vali Gopalani 254 255, Giuseppe Gorini 256, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart 257, Ayman Grada 258, Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra 259, Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes 260, Prakash C Gupta 101 261, Rahul Gupta 262 263, Kishor Hadkhale 264, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian 265 266, Arya Haj-Mirzaian 265 267, Randah R Hamadeh 268, Samer Hamidi 269, Lolemo Kelbiso Hanfore 85, Josep Maria Haro 270 271, Milad Hasankhani 272, Amir Hasanzadeh 273 274, Hamid Yimam Hassen 105 275, Roderick J Hay 276 277, Simon I Hay 1 278, Andualem Henok 279, Nathaniel J Henry 1, Claudiu Herteliu 280, Hagos D Hidru 281, Chi Linh Hoang 282, Michael K Hole 283, Praveen Hoogar 284, Nobuyuki Horita 285 286, H Dean Hosgood 287, Mostafa Hosseini 288, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh 289 290, Mihaela Hostiuc 291 292, Sorin Hostiuc 293 294, Mowafa Househ 295 296, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen 297, Bogdan Ileanu 280 298, Milena D Ilic 299, Kaire Innos 300, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani 75 301, Kufre Robert Iseh 302, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam 303 304, Farhad Islami 305, Nader Jafari Balalami 306, Morteza Jafarinia 307, Leila Jahangiry 308, Mohammad Ali Jahani 309, Nader Jahanmehr 310 311, Mihajlo Jakovljevic 312, Spencer L James 1, Mehdi Javanbakht 313, Sudha Jayaraman 314, Sun Ha Jee 315 316, Ensiyeh Jenabi 317, Ravi Prakash Jha 318, Jost B Jonas 319 320, Jitendra Jonnagaddala 321 322, Tamas Joo 323, Suresh Banayya Jungari 324, Mikk Jürisson 325, Ali Kabir 326, Farin Kamangar 327, André Karch 328, Narges Karimi 329 330, Ansar Karimian 331 332, Amir Kasaeian 333 334, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun 177, Belete Kassa 335, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa 16, Mesfin Wudu Kassaw 175 336, Anil Kaul 337 338, Peter Njenga Keiyoro 339, Abraham Getachew Kelbore 340, Amene Abebe Kerbo 341 342, Yousef Saleh Khader 343, Maryam Khalilarjmandi 4, Ejaz Ahmad Khan 344, Gulfaraz Khan 345, Young-Ho Khang 346, Khaled Khatab 347 348, Amir Khater 349, Maryam Khayamzadeh 31 350, Maryam Khazaee-Pool 351 352, Salman Khazaei 353, Abdullah T Khoja 354 355, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi 356 357, Jagdish Khubchandani 358, Neda Kianipour 359, Daniel Kim 360, Yun Jin Kim 361, Adnan Kisa 362 363, Sezer Kisa 364, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek 365, Hamidreza Komaki 366 367, Ai Koyanagi 368 369, Kristopher J Krohn 1, Burcu Kucuk Bicer 370 371, Nuworza Kugbey 88 372, Vivek Kumar 373, Desmond Kuupiel 250 374, Carlo La Vecchia 375, Deepesh P Lad 376, Eyasu Alem Lake 85, Ayenew Molla Lakew 377, Dharmesh Kumar Lal 25, Faris Hasan Lami 378, Qing Lan 379, Savita Lasrado 380, Paolo Lauriola 381, Jeffrey V Lazarus 382, James Leigh 383, Cheru Tesema Leshargie 384, Yu Liao 385 386, Miteku Andualem Limenih 42, Stefan Listl 387 388, Alan D Lopez 1 389, Platon D Lopukhov 132, Raimundas Lunevicius 390 391, Mohammed Madadin 392, Sameh Magdeldin 393 394, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek 395, Azeem Majeed 396, Afshin Maleki 397 398, Reza Malekzadeh 399 400, Ali Manafi 401, Navid Manafi 402 403, Wondimu Ayele Manamo 14, Morteza Mansourian 404, Mohammad Ali Mansournia 288, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani 405, Saman Maroufizadeh 406, Santi Martini S Martini 407 408, Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson 250, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg 166, Motswadi Titus Maswabi 409, Manu Raj Mathur 25 410, Colm McAlinden 411, Martin McKee 412, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Meheretu 413 414, Ravi Mehrotra 415, Varshil Mehta 416, Toni Meier 417 418, Yohannes A Melaku 42 419, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles 420, Hagazi Gebre Meles 421, Addisu Melese 422, Mulugeta Melku 42, Peter T N Memiah 423, Walter Mendoza 424, Ritesh G Menezes 425, Shahin Merat 399, Tuomo J Meretoja 426 427, Tomislav Mestrovic 428 429, Bartosz Miazgowski 430 431, Tomasz Miazgowski 432, Kebadnew Mulatu M Mihretie 433, Ted R Miller 434 435, Edward J Mills 436, Seyed Mostafa Mir 4 437, Hamed Mirzaei 438, Hamid Reza Mirzaei 439, Rashmi Mishra 440, Babak Moazen 441 442, Dara K Mohammad 443 444, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad 443 445, Yousef Mohammad 446, Aso Mohammad Darwesh 447, Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi 23, Hiwa Mohammadi 448, Moslem Mohammadi 449, Mahdi Mohammadian 450, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani 451, Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani 452, Reza Mohammadpourhodki 453, Ammas Siraj Mohammed 125, Jemal Abdu Mohammed 454, Shafiu Mohammed 441 455, Farnam Mohebi 75 456, Ali H Mokdad 1 278, Lorenzo Monasta 457, Yoshan Moodley 250, Mahmood Moosazadeh 352, Maryam Moossavi 458, Ghobad Moradi 459 460, Mohammad Moradi-Joo 461, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh 91, Farhad Moradpour 459, Lidia Morawska 462, Joana Morgado-da-Costa 463, Naho Morisaki 464, Shane Douglas Morrison 465, Abbas Mosapour 4 452, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi 466, Achenef Asmamaw Muche 42, Oumer Sada S Muhammed 467, Jonah Musa 468 469, Ashraf F Nabhan 470 471, Mehdi Naderi 472, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan 473 474, Gabriele Nagel 475, Azin Nahvijou 476, Gurudatta Naik 477, Farid Najafi 478, Luigi Naldi 479 480, Hae Sung Nam 481 482, Naser Nasiri 483, Javad Nazari 484 485, Ionut Negoi 111, Subas Neupane 486, Polly A Newcomb 487 488, Haruna Asura Nggada 489 490, Josephine W Ngunjiri 491, Cuong Tat Nguyen 492, Leila Nikniaz 493, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum 494 495, Yirga Legesse Nirayo 16, Molly R Nixon 1, Chukwudi A Nnaji 496 497, Marzieh Nojomi 91 498, Shirin Nosratnejad 499, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh 500, Mohammed Suleiman Obsa 501, Richard Ofori-Asenso 502 503, Felix Akpojene Ogbo 504, In-Hwan Oh 505, Andrew T Olagunju 506 507, Tinuke O Olagunju 508, Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu 509, Abidemi E Omonisi 510 511, Obinna E Onwujekwe 512, Anu Mary Oommen 513, Eyal Oren 488 514, Doris D V Ortega-Altamirano 81, Erika Ota 515, Stanislav S Otstavnov 516, Mayowa Ojo Owolabi 517, Mahesh P A 518, Jagadish Rao Padubidri 519, Smita Pakhale 520, Amir H Pakpour 521 522, Adrian Pana 280 298, Eun-Kee Park 523, Hadi Parsian 4, Tahereh Pashaei 398, Shanti Patel 524, Snehal T Patil 525, Alyssa Pennini 1, David M Pereira 221 526, Cristiano Piccinelli 527, Julian David Pillay 528, Majid Pirestani 529, Farhad Pishgar 75 530, Maarten J Postma 531 532, Hadi Pourjafar 533 534, Farshad Pourmalek 134, Akram Pourshams 399, Swayam Prakash 535, Narayan Prasad 535, Mostafa Qorbani 536, Mohammad Rabiee 537, Navid Rabiee 95 538, Amir Radfar 539, Alireza Rafiei 540 541, Fakher Rahim 21 542, Mahdi Rahimi 332, Muhammad Aziz Rahman 543 544, Fatemeh Rajati 545, Saleem M Rana 546 547, Samira Raoofi 246, Goura Kishor Rath 548, David Laith Rawaf 549 550, Salman Rawaf 396 551, Robert C Reiner 1 278, Andre M N Renzaho 552, Nima Rezaei 553 554, Aziz Rezapour 45, Ana Isabel Ribeiro 555, Daniela Ribeiro 556, Luca Ronfani 457, Elias Merdassa Roro 14 557, Gholamreza Roshandel 399 558, Ali Rostami 559, Ragy Safwat Saad 560, Parisa Sabbagh 559, Siamak Sabour 561, Basema Saddik 562, Saeid Safiri 563, Amirhossein Sahebkar 564 565, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor 566, Farkhonde Salehi 567, Hosni Salem 568, Marwa Rashad Salem 569, Hamideh Salimzadeh 399, Joshua A Salomon 570, Abdallah M Samy 571, Juan Sanabria 572 573, Milena M Santric Milicevic 574, Benn Sartorius 278 575, Arash Sarveazad 576, Brijesh Sathian 577 578, Maheswar Satpathy 579 580, Miloje Savic 581, Monika Sawhney 582, Mehdi Sayyah 583, Ione J C Schneider 584, Ben Schöttker 129, Mario Sekerija 585 586, Sadaf G Sepanlou 399 400, Masood Sepehrimanesh 587, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi 588 589, Faramarz Shaahmadi 590, Hosein Shabaninejad 591, Mohammad Shahbaz 561, Masood Ali Shaikh 592, Amir Shamshirian 593, Morteza Shamsizadeh 594, Heidar Sharafi 595, Zeinab Sharafi 596, Mehdi Sharif 597 598, Ali Sharifi 599, Hamid Sharifi 600, Rajesh Sharma 601, Aziz Sheikh 602 603, Reza Shirkoohi 476 604, Sharvari Rahul Shukla 605, Si Si 606, Soraya Siabani 607 608, Diego Augusto Santos Silva 609, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira 610 611, Ambrish Singh 612 613, Jasvinder A Singh 614 615, Solomon Sisay 616, Freddy Sitas 321 617, Eugène Sobngwi 618 619, Moslem Soofi 620, Joan B Soriano 621 622, Vasiliki Stathopoulou 623, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan 624, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos 625 626, Takahiro Tabuchi 627, Ken Takahashi 383 628, Omid Reza Tamtaji 438, Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh 629, Segen Gebremeskel Tassew 421, Parvaneh Taymoori 630, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi 91 631, Mohamad-Hani Temsah 147 632, Omar Temsah 147, Berhe Etsay Tesfay 633, Fisaha Haile Tesfay 421 634, Manaye Yihune Teshale 635, Gizachew Assefa Tessema 42 636, Subash Thapa 637, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye 175, Roman Topor-Madry 638 639, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone 640, Eugenio Traini 457, Bach Xuan Tran 641, Khanh Bao Tran 642 643, Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik 119, Irfan Ullah 644, Olalekan A Uthman 645, Marco Vacante 646, Maryam Vaezi 647 648, Patricia Varona Pérez 649 650, Yousef Veisani 651, Simone Vidale 652, Francesco S Violante 219 653, Vasily Vlassov 654, Stein Emil Vollset 1 278, Theo Vos 1 278, Kia Vosoughi 655, Giang Thu Vu 282, Isidora S Vujcic 195, Henry Wabinga 656, Tesfahun Mulatu Wachamo 657, Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew 413, Yasir Waheed 658, Fitsum Weldegebreal 77, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel 76, Tissa Wijeratne 659 660, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash 467 661, Tewodros Eshete Wonde 384, Adam Belay Wondmieneh 662 663, Hailemariam Mekonnen Workie 664, Rajaram Yadav 665, Abbas Yadegar 666, Ali Yadollahpour 667, Mehdi Yaseri 288 668, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi 669 670, Alex Yeshaneh 671, Mohammed Ahmed Yimam 657, Ebrahim M Yimer 119, Engida Yisma 672, Naohiro Yonemoto 673, Mustafa Z Younis 674 675, Bahman Yousefi 332 676, Mahmoud Yousefifard 677, Chuanhua Yu 678 679, Erfan Zabeh 680 681, Vesna Zadnik 682, Telma Zahirian Moghadam 45 683, Zoubida Zaidi 684, Mohammad Zamani 685, Hamed Zandian 683, Alireza Zangeneh 620, Leila Zaki 686, Kazem Zendehdel 476, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe 687, Taye Abuhay Zewale 688, Arash Ziapour 689, Sanjay Zodpey 25, Christopher J L Murray 1 278
Affiliations
Affiliations
- 1Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
- 2Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle.
- 3Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
- 4Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 5Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 6Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 7Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- 8Department of Oncology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 9Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
- 10Research Center for Non-communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
- 11Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
- 12Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran.
- 13Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- 14School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 15Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia.
- 16Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 17Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
- 18Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Nigeria.
- 19Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
- 20Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.
- 21Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 22Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran.
- 23Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
- 24Department of Health, Directorate for Health Information and Research, Pieta, Malta.
- 25Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.
- 26Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India.
- 27Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 28Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 29Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 30Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- 31Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 32Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
- 33Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
- 34John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
- 35Clinical Epidemiology Center, VA Saint Louis Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, Missouri.
- 36Department of Family and Community Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- 37Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
- 38Evidence-Based Practice Research Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota.
- 39School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia.
- 40Department of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia.
- 41Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 42Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- 43Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capitol Territory, Australia.
- 44Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran.
- 45Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 46Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 47Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
- 48International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia.
- 49Department of Social Medicine, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran.
- 50Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 51Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
- 52Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
- 53College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- 54Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
- 55Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia.
- 56Department of Urology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 57Department of Health Services Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
- 58Department of Internal Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.
- 59Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
- 60Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 61Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
- 62Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 63School of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
- 64Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
- 65Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
- 66Department of Healthcare Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 67Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 68School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom.
- 69School of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 70Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
- 71Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
- 72Institute of Biomedical Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 73Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- 74Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- 75Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 76College of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia.
- 77Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
- 78University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 79College ofPublic Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
- 80School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, England, United Kingdom.
- 81Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
- 82Bénin Clinical Research Institute, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
- 83Contrôle des Maladies Infectieuses, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin.
- 84Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India.
- 85Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia.
- 86The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 87General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru.
- 88Department of Family and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana.
- 89Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
- 90Public Health Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia.
- 91Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 92School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 93Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 94Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 95Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- 96Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
- 97Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology, Ioannina, Greece.
- 98Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
- 99School of Nursing and Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 100Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 101Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
- 102Doctor Evidence, Santa Monica, California.
- 103Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
- 104Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
- 105Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia.
- 106Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Social Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 107AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
- 108Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
- 109Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle.
- 110Dental Institute, King's College London, London, England, United Kingdom.
- 111Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 112Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
- 113Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India.
- 114Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 115National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
- 116Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh.
- 117The UCL Centre for Global Health Economics, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom.
- 118Fast-Track Implementation Department, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Gaborone, Botswana.
- 119School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 120Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- 121Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway.
- 122Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.
- 123Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas, Houston.
- 124Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 125School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia.
- 126Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
- 127Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy.
- 128Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon.
- 129Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 130Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
- 131Biomedical Technologies, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia.
- 132Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
- 133Public Health Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
- 134School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- 135Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
- 136Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy.
- 137Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 138Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 139Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 140Department of Epidemiology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 141EpiUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
- 142Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama.
- 143National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
- 144Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- 145Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 146School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- 147College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 148Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- 149Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 150China Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
- 151Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.
- 152Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, India.
- 153Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 154Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran.
- 155Clinical Governance, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
- 156Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston.
- 157Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
- 158Departments ofBiochemistry and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
- 159Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India.
- 160Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 161Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- 162Department of Dermatology, 2nd Clinic of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 1632nd Department of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
- 164UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 165Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy.
- 166Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle.
- 167Department of Epidemiology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
- 168Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- 169Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
- 170Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
- 171Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 172Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 173Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 174Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 175Nursing Department, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia.
- 176Department of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- 177School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia.
- 178Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 179Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
- 180Department of Immunology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
- 181Department of Preventive Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 182Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia.
- 183School of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
- 184Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.
- 185Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico.
- 186Disha Foundation, Gurgaon, India.
- 187Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
- 188Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal.
- 189Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
- 190Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
- 191Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
- 192Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
- 193Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
- 194United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India.
- 195Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
- 196College of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.
- 197Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- 198Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 199Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
- 200Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
- 201Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
- 202Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
- 203Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 204Department of Statistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
- 205Department of Community Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya.
- 206Department of Health Information, World Health Organization, Tripoli, Libya.
- 207Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle.
- 208Department of Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.
- 209Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 210Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
- 211Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia.
- 212Public Health Department, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 213Center of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
- 214School of Public Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
- 215Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
- 216Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 217Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 218Department of Community Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 219Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- 220Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 221Requimte/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 222Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- 223Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
- 224Department of Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California.
- 225School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona.
- 226School of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
- 227James Cancer Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
- 228Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
- 229Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
- 230Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 231Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- 232Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
- 233Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle.
- 234Department of Environmental Health Science, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy.
- 235Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco.
- 236Non-communicable Disease Department, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin.
- 237Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.
- 238Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 239Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 240Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
- 241School of Pharmacy, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia.
- 242Institute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
- 243Department of Biostatistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 244Medical Surgical Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 245Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
- 246Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 247Physiology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 248Medical Department, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran.
- 249Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, United Kingdom.
- 250Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- 251University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- 252Department of Nursing, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Aksum, Ethiopia.
- 253Department of Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- 254Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City.
- 255Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia.
- 256Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Section, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy.
- 257Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- 258School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
- 259Department of Public Health, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
- 260School of Dentistry, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil.
- 261Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India.
- 262West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston.
- 263Department of Health Policy, Management & Leadership, West Virginia University, Morgantown.
- 264University of Tampere, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.
- 265Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 266Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 267Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
- 268Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
- 269School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
- 270Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, Madrid, Spain.
- 271Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain.
- 272School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 273Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
- 274Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 275Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
- 276International Foundation for Dermatology, London, England, United Kingdom.
- 277St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, England, United Kingdom.
- 278Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
- 279Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia.
- 280Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania.
- 281Department of Epidemiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
- 282Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- 283The University of Texas at Austin, Austin.
- 284Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal University, Manipal, India.
- 285Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
- 286National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
- 287Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
- 288Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 289Department of Computer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
- 290Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq.
- 291Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 292Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
- 293Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- 294Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania.
- 295Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
- 296Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.
- 297Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
- 298Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania.
- 299Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
- 300Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia.
- 301Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 302Department of Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria.
- 303Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
- 304Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 305Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia.
- 306Department of Psychosis, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran.
- 307,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- 308Health Education and Health Promotion Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 309Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 310School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 311Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 312Medical Sciences Department, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
- 313Newcastle University, Tyne, United Kingdom.
- 314Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
- 315Department of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
- 316Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
- 317Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 318Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
- 319Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- 320Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China.
- 321School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 322NSW Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 323Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- 324School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.
- 325Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
- 326Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 327Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland.
- 328Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- 329Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 330Department of Neurology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 331Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 332Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 333Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 334Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 335Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
- 336Department of Public Health, Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 337School of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa.
- 338Health Care Delivery Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
- 339ODeL Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
- 340Department of Dermatology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
- 341Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia.
- 342School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
- 343Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan.
- 344Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- 345Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- 346Division of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
- 347Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
- 348College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville.
- 349Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt.
- 350Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 351Department of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 352Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 353Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 354Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 355Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
- 356Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 357International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association, Tehran, Iran.
- 358Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana.
- 359Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 360Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
- 361School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.
- 362Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway.
- 363Department of Health Services Policy & Management, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
- 364Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
- 365Department of Health Economics and Social Security, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
- 366Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 367Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 368Networking Center for Mental Health Network, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain.
- 369Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain.
- 370Department of Public Health, Yüksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey.
- 371Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
- 372Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- 373Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
- 374Department of Nursing, St. John of God Hospital, Duayaw Nkwanta, Ghana.
- 375Clinical Medicine and Community Health, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Milan, Italy.
- 376Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
- 377Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
- 378Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq.
- 379Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
- 380Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India.
- 381Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
- 382Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.
- 383Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 384Department of Public Health, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
- 385Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- 386Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc, Quezon City, Philippines.
- 387Department of Dentistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
- 388Section for Translational Health Economics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 389University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Queensland, Australia.
- 390Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom.
- 391Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom.
- 392Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- 393Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Suez Canal University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 394Department of Physiology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
- 395Department of Cardiology, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt.
- 396Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom.
- 397Department of Environmental Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 398Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- 399Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 400Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- 401Department of Plastic Surgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 402Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 403Department of Ophthalmology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
- 404Department of Health Education and Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 405School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
- 406School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- 407Department of Epidemiology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
- 408Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia.
- 409School of Public Health, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
- 410Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom.
- 411Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, Wales, United Kingdom.
- 412Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom.
- 413Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
- 414School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 415Department of Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India.
- 416Department of Internal Medicine, SevenHills Hospital, Mumbai, India.
- 417Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
- 418Innovation Office, Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health, Halle, Germany.
- 419Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- 420Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
- 421Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 422Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 423Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida.
- 424Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru.
- 425Forensic Medicine Division, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
- 426Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- 427University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- 428Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia.
- 429University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia.
- 430Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
- 431Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
- 432Department of Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
- 433Department of Epidemiology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 434Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland.
- 435School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
- 436Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- 437Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran.
- 438Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
- 439Department of Medical Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 440Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
- 441Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 442Institute of Addiction Research, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany.
- 443Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq.
- 444Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 445ISHIK University, Erbil, Iraq.
- 446Department of Internal Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 447Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
- 448Department of Neurology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 449Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 450Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- 451Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
- 452Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
- 453Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
- 454Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samera, Ethiopia.
- 455Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
- 456Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 457Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy.
- 458Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
- 459Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- 460Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- 461Department of Economics and Management Sciences for Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 462International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- 463Hospital de Santo António, Hospital Center of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 464Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan.
- 465Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle.
- 466Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 467Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 468Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.
- 469Center for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
- 470Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 471Knowledge Translation and Utilization, Egyptian Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.
- 472School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 473Department of Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India.
- 474Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India.
- 475Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
- 476Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 477O'NealComprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
- 478Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 479Department of Dermatology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.
- 480GISED Study Center, Bergamo, Italy.
- 481Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.
- 482Daejeon Regional Cancer Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea.
- 483Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
- 484Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
- 485Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
- 486Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
- 487Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
- 488Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle.
- 489Department of Histopathology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
- 490Department of Human Pathology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
- 491Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya.
- 492Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 493Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 494Department of Public Health Sciences, State University of Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia.
- 495Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
- 496Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 497School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 498Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 499Department of Health Economics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 500Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 501Department of Anesthesia, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia.
- 502Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 503Independent consultant, Accra, Ghana.
- 504Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
- 505Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea.
- 506Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- 507Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
- 508Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- 509Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- 510Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University, Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria.
- 511Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
- 512Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.
- 513Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
- 514Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California.
- 515Department of Global Health Nursing, St. Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan.
- 516Analytical Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
- 517Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- 518Department of TB & Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India.
- 519Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal University, Mangaluru, India.
- 520Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- 521Department of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
- 522Department of Nursing, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
- 523Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea.
- 524Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
- 525Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, India.
- 526University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
- 527ReferenceCenter for Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, CPO Piedmont, Torino, Italy.
- 528Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.
- 529Departments of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
- 530Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 531University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
- 532Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
- 533Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
- 534Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
- 535Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
- 536Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- 537Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- 538Divisions of Chemistry and Diseases, Advanced Technologies Research Group, Tehran, Iran.
- 539A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona.
- 540Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 541Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 542Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- 543Austin Health Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
- 544National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia.
- 545Department of Health Education and Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 546Department of Public Health, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 547Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 548Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
- 549WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom.
- 550University College London Hospitals, London, England, United Kingdom.
- 551Academic Public Health, Public Health England, London, England, United Kingdom.
- 552School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
- 553Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 554Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran.
- 555Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 556Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- 557Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia.
- 558Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
- 559Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 560Clinical Operations, Doctor Evidence, Santa Monica, California.
- 561Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 562Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
- 563Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
- 564Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- 565Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- 566A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
- 567Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 568Department of Urology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 569Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
- 570Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
- 571Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- 572Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia.
- 573Departments of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
- 574School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
- 575Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom.
- 576Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 577Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
- 578Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, England, United Kingdom.
- 579UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India.
- 580Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India.
- 581GSK Biologicals, Wavre, Belgium.
- 582Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
- 583Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- 584School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil.
- 585Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
- 586Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
- 587Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- 588Center of Expertise in Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 589Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 590Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- 591Department of Health Policy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 592Independent consultant, Karachi, Pakistan.
- 593Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
- 594Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- 595Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran.
- 596Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
- 597Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran.
- 598Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran.
- 599Department of Ophthalmology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- 600HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- 601University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India.
- 602Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
- 603Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
- 604Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 605Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
- 606School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 607Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 608Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 609School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- 610University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
- 611Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil.
- 612Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
- 613Global Patient Outcome and Real World Evidence, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana.
- 614Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
- 615Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
- 616Medical Department, German Leprosy and TB Relief Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 617Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 618Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- 619Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Central Hospital of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- 620Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
- 621Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- 622Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- 623Department of Occupational Therapy, Athens University of Applied Sciences, Athens, Greece.
- 624Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
- 625Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
- 626Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
- 627Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.
- 628University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 629Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan.
- 630Department of Public Health, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- 631Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 632Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- 633Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
- 634Southgate Institute for Health, Society and Equity, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- 635Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
- 636School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- 637Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- 638Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
- 639The Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland.
- 640Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
- 641Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 642Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- 643Department of Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- 644Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan.
- 645Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, United Kingdom.
- 646Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
- 647Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tabriz, Iran.
- 648Alzahra Teaching Hospital, Tabriz, Iran.
- 649Department for International Development, Health Network of Cuba, Havana, Cuba.
- 650Centre of Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain.
- 651Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
- 652Department of Neurology & Stroke Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Como, Italy.
- 653Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
- 654Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
- 655Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
- 656Department of Pathology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
- 657Department of Public Health, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia.
- 658Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
- 659Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 660Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia.
- 661Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 662Department of Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
- 663Department of Nursing, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 664Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahirdar, Ethiopia.
- 665Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
- 666Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 667Department of Medical Physics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- 668Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 669Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- 670Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- 671Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia.
- 672School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- 673Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
- 674Health Economics & Finance, Global Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi.
- 675Department of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- 676Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- 677Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 678Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- 679Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- 680Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- 681Department of Electrical Engineering, Bioelectric Group, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
- 682Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- 683Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran.
- 684Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria.
- 685Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
- 686Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
- 687Department of Midwifery, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- 688Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- 689Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data.
Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning.
Evidence review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence.
Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572 000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542 000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819 000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601 000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596 000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414 000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs).
Conclusions and relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care.
Conflict of interest statement
Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Goulart reports receiving grants from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. Dr Haro reports being a contractor for Eli Lilly and Company and receiving personal fees from Lundbeck. Mr Hidru reports receiving grants, personal fees, nonfinancial support, and other support from Adigrat University. Dr Iseh reports receiving nonfinancial support from the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital and the Institute of Human Virology, Nigeria. Dr Jakovljevic reports receiving grants from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Dr James reports receiving grants from Sanofi Pasteur. Dr Lazarus reports receiving grants and personal fees from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, and MSD. Dr Meretoja reports receiving grants from the Cancer Foundation Finland. Dr Moradi-Lakeh reports being a consultant for a project funded by Novartis. Dr Postma reports receiving grants from Quintiles and Bayer; personal fees from AbbVie, Astellas, and Pharmerit; grants and personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Novartis, Janssen, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, MSD, and Asc Academics, as well as serving as an advisor for the organization; and earnings from stock in Ingress Health and PAB BV. Dr Savic reports being an employee of the GlaxoSmithKline group of companies and holds restricted shares in the GlaxoSmithKline group of companies. Dr J. Singh reports receiving personal fees from serving as a consultant for Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM LLC, Medscape, WebMD, the National Institutes of Health, and the American College of Rheumatology; earnings from stocks in the Amarin Corporation and Viking Therapeutics; and nonfinancial support from serving as a member of OMERACT, the US Department of Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee, and committees of the American College of Rheumatology. No other disclosures are reported.
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