Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration; Christina Fitzmaurice 1 2, Degu Abate 3, Naghmeh Abbasi 4, Hedayat Abbastabar 5, Foad Abd-Allah 6, Omar Abdel-Rahman 7 8, Ahmed Abdelalim 6, Amir Abdoli 9 10, Ibrahim Abdollahpour 11 12, Abdishakur S M Abdulle 13, Nebiyu Dereje Abebe 14 15, Haftom Niguse Abraha 16, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad 17, Ahmed Abualhasan 6, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji 18, Shailesh M Advani 19 20, Mohsen Afarideh 21, Mahdi Afshari 22, Mohammad Aghaali 23, Dominic Agius 24, Sutapa Agrawal 25 26, Ayat Ahmadi 27, Elham Ahmadian 28, Ehsan Ahmadpour 29, Muktar Beshir Ahmed 30, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari 31, Tomi Akinyemiju 32 33, Ziyad Al-Aly 34 35, Assim M AlAbdulKader 36 37, Fares Alahdab 38, Tahiya Alam 1, Genet Melak Alamene 39, Birhan Tamene T Alemnew 40 41, Kefyalew Addis Alene 42 43, Cyrus Alinia 44, Vahid Alipour 45 46, Syed Mohamed Aljunid 47 48, Fatemeh Allah Bakeshei 49, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad Almadi 50 51, Amir Almasi-Hashiani 11, Ubai Alsharif 52, Shirina Alsowaidi 53, Nelson Alvis-Guzman 54 55, Erfan Amini 56, Saeed Amini 57, Yaw Ampem Amoako 58, Zohreh Anbari 57, Nahla Hamed Anber 59, Catalina Liliana Andrei 60, Mina Anjomshoa 61, Fereshteh Ansari 62, Ansariadi Ansariadi 63, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah 64 65, Morteza Arab-Zozani 66, Jalal Arabloo 45, Zohreh Arefi 67, Olatunde Aremu 68, Habtamu Abera Areri 69, Al Artaman 70, Hamid Asayesh 71, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw 72, Alebachew Fasil Ashagre 73, Reza Assadi 74, Bahar Ataeinia 75, Hagos Tasew Atalay 76, Zerihun Ataro 77, Suleman Atique 78 79, Marcel Ausloos 80, Leticia Avila-Burgos 81, Euripide F G A Avokpaho 82 83, Ashish Awasthi 25 84, Nefsu Awoke 85, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla 86 87, Martin Amogre Ayanore 88, Henok Tadesse Ayele 89 90, Ebrahim Babaee 91, Umar Bacha 92, Alaa Badawi 93 94, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh 95, Eleni Bagli 96 97, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan 98, Abbas Balouchi 99, Till Winfried Bärnighausen 100 101, Robert J Battista 102, Masoud Behzadifar 45 103, Meysam Behzadifar 104, Bayu Begashaw Bekele 42 105, Yared Belete Belay 106 107, Yaschilal Muche Belayneh 108, Kathleen Kim Sachiko Berfield 109, Adugnaw Berhane 14, Eduardo Bernabe 110, Mircea Beuran 111, Nickhill Bhakta 112, Krittika Bhattacharyya 113, Belete Biadgo 73, Ali Bijani 114, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed 115 116, Charles Birungi 117 118, Catherine Bisignano 1, Helen Bitew 119, Tone Bjørge 120 121, Archie Bleyer 122 123, Kassawmar Angaw Bogale 124, Hunduma Amensisa Bojia 125, Antonio M Borzì 126, Cristina Bosetti 127, Ibrahim R Bou-Orm 128, Hermann Brenner 129, Jerry D Brewer 130, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko 131, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko 132, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira 133, Zahid A Butt 134 135, Giulia Carreras 136, Juan J Carrero 137, Félix Carvalho 138 139, Clara Castro 140 141, Franz Castro 142, Ferrán Catalá-López 143 144, Ester Cerin 145 146, Yazan Chaiah 147, Wagaye Fentahun Chanie 148, Vijay Kumar Chattu 149 150, Pankaj Chaturvedi 151, Neelima Singh Chauhan 152, Mohammad Chehrazi 153 154, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang 155, Tesfaye Yitna Chichiabellu 85, Onyema Greg Chido-Amajuoyi 156, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir 157, Jee-Young J Choi 158, Devasahayam J Christopher 159, Dinh-Toi Chu 160 161, Maria-Magdalena Constantin 162 163, Vera M Costa 164, Emanuele Crocetti 165, Christopher Stephen Crowe 166, Maria Paula Curado 167, Saad M A Dahlawi 168, Giovanni Damiani 169, Amira Hamed Darwish 170, Ahmad Daryani 171, José das Neves 172 173, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke 174, Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis 175 176, Birhanu Wondimeneh Demissie 85, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz 177 178, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez 179, Afshin Derakhshani 180, Kalkidan Solomon Deribe 181, Rupak Desai 182, Beruk Berhanu Desalegn 183, Melaku Desta 184 185, Subhojit Dey 186, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne 1 187, Meghnath Dhimal 188, Daniel Diaz 185 189, Mesfin Tadese Tadese Dinberu 184, Shirin Djalalinia 190, David Teye Doku 191 192, Thomas M Drake 193, Manisha Dubey 194, Eleonora Dubljanin 195, Eyasu Ejeta Duken 196 197, Hedyeh Ebrahimi 75 198, Andem Effiong 199, Aziz Eftekhari 28 200, Iman El Sayed 201, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki 202, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary 6, Ziad El-Khatib 203, Demelash Abewa Elemineh 204, Hajer Elkout 205 206, Richard G Ellenbogen 207 208, Aisha Elsharkawy 209, Mohammad Hassan Emamian 210, Daniel Adane Endalew 211, Aman Yesuf Endries 212, Babak Eshrati 213 214, Ibtihal Fadhil 215, Vahid Fallah Omrani 216, Mahbobeh Faramarzi 217, Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi 218, Andrea Farioli 219, Farshad Farzadfar 75, Netsanet Fentahun 220, Eduarda Fernandes 221, Garumma Tolu Feyissa 222 223, Irina Filip 224 225, Florian Fischer 226, James L Fisher 227, Lisa M Force 1 228, Masoud Foroutan 229, Marisa Freitas 230, Takeshi Fukumoto 231 232, Neal D Futran 233, Silvano Gallus 234, Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe 235 236, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa 237, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot 30, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel 76 238, Getnet Azeze Gedefaw 239 240, Belayneh K Gelaw 241, Birhanu Geta 108, Sefonias Getachew 181 242, Kebede Embaye Gezae 243, Mansour Ghafourifard 244, Alireza Ghajar 21 245, Ahmad Ghashghaee 246, Asadollah Gholamian 247 248, Paramjit Singh Gill 249, Themba T G Ginindza 250 251, Alem Girmay 252, Muluken Gizaw 14, Ricardo Santiago Gomez 253, Sameer Vali Gopalani 254 255, Giuseppe Gorini 256, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart 257, Ayman Grada 258, Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra 259, Andre Luiz Sena Guimaraes 260, Prakash C Gupta 101 261, Rahul Gupta 262 263, Kishor Hadkhale 264, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian 265 266, Arya Haj-Mirzaian 265 267, Randah R Hamadeh 268, Samer Hamidi 269, Lolemo Kelbiso Hanfore 85, Josep Maria Haro 270 271, Milad Hasankhani 272, Amir Hasanzadeh 273 274, Hamid Yimam Hassen 105 275, Roderick J Hay 276 277, Simon I Hay 1 278, Andualem Henok 279, Nathaniel J Henry 1, Claudiu Herteliu 280, Hagos D Hidru 281, Chi Linh Hoang 282, Michael K Hole 283, Praveen Hoogar 284, Nobuyuki Horita 285 286, H Dean Hosgood 287, Mostafa Hosseini 288, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh 289 290, Mihaela Hostiuc 291 292, Sorin Hostiuc 293 294, Mowafa Househ 295 296, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen 297, Bogdan Ileanu 280 298, Milena D Ilic 299, Kaire Innos 300, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani 75 301, Kufre Robert Iseh 302, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam 303 304, Farhad Islami 305, Nader Jafari Balalami 306, Morteza Jafarinia 307, Leila Jahangiry 308, Mohammad Ali Jahani 309, Nader Jahanmehr 310 311, Mihajlo Jakovljevic 312, Spencer L James 1, Mehdi Javanbakht 313, Sudha Jayaraman 314, Sun Ha Jee 315 316, Ensiyeh Jenabi 317, Ravi Prakash Jha 318, Jost B Jonas 319 320, Jitendra Jonnagaddala 321 322, Tamas Joo 323, Suresh Banayya Jungari 324, Mikk Jürisson 325, Ali Kabir 326, Farin Kamangar 327, André Karch 328, Narges Karimi 329 330, Ansar Karimian 331 332, Amir Kasaeian 333 334, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun 177, Belete Kassa 335, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa 16, Mesfin Wudu Kassaw 175 336, Anil Kaul 337 338, Peter Njenga Keiyoro 339, Abraham Getachew Kelbore 340, Amene Abebe Kerbo 341 342, Yousef Saleh Khader 343, Maryam Khalilarjmandi 4, Ejaz Ahmad Khan 344, Gulfaraz Khan 345, Young-Ho Khang 346, Khaled Khatab 347 348, Amir Khater 349, Maryam Khayamzadeh 31 350, Maryam Khazaee-Pool 351 352, Salman Khazaei 353, Abdullah T Khoja 354 355, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi 356 357, Jagdish Khubchandani 358, Neda Kianipour 359, Daniel Kim 360, Yun Jin Kim 361, Adnan Kisa 362 363, Sezer Kisa 364, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek 365, Hamidreza Komaki 366 367, Ai Koyanagi 368 369, Kristopher J Krohn 1, Burcu Kucuk Bicer 370 371, Nuworza Kugbey 88 372, Vivek Kumar 373, Desmond Kuupiel 250 374, Carlo La Vecchia 375, Deepesh P Lad 376, Eyasu Alem Lake 85, Ayenew Molla Lakew 377, Dharmesh Kumar Lal 25, Faris Hasan Lami 378, Qing Lan 379, Savita Lasrado 380, Paolo Lauriola 381, Jeffrey V Lazarus 382, James Leigh 383, Cheru Tesema Leshargie 384, Yu Liao 385 386, Miteku Andualem Limenih 42, Stefan Listl 387 388, Alan D Lopez 1 389, Platon D Lopukhov 132, Raimundas Lunevicius 390 391, Mohammed Madadin 392, Sameh Magdeldin 393 394, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek 395, Azeem Majeed 396, Afshin Maleki 397 398, Reza Malekzadeh 399 400, Ali Manafi 401, Navid Manafi 402 403, Wondimu Ayele Manamo 14, Morteza Mansourian 404, Mohammad Ali Mansournia 288, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani 405, Saman Maroufizadeh 406, Santi Martini S Martini 407 408, Tivani Phosa Mashamba-Thompson 250, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg 166, Motswadi Titus Maswabi 409, Manu Raj Mathur 25 410, Colm McAlinden 411, Martin McKee 412, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Meheretu 413 414, Ravi Mehrotra 415, Varshil Mehta 416, Toni Meier 417 418, Yohannes A Melaku 42 419, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles 420, Hagazi Gebre Meles 421, Addisu Melese 422, Mulugeta Melku 42, Peter T N Memiah 423, Walter Mendoza 424, Ritesh G Menezes 425, Shahin Merat 399, Tuomo J Meretoja 426 427, Tomislav Mestrovic 428 429, Bartosz Miazgowski 430 431, Tomasz Miazgowski 432, Kebadnew Mulatu M Mihretie 433, Ted R Miller 434 435, Edward J Mills 436, Seyed Mostafa Mir 4 437, Hamed Mirzaei 438, Hamid Reza Mirzaei 439, Rashmi Mishra 440, Babak Moazen 441 442, Dara K Mohammad 443 444, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad 443 445, Yousef Mohammad 446, Aso Mohammad Darwesh 447, Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi 23, Hiwa Mohammadi 448, Moslem Mohammadi 449, Mahdi Mohammadian 450, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani 451, Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani 452, Reza Mohammadpourhodki 453, Ammas Siraj Mohammed 125, Jemal Abdu Mohammed 454, Shafiu Mohammed 441 455, Farnam Mohebi 75 456, Ali H Mokdad 1 278, Lorenzo Monasta 457, Yoshan Moodley 250, Mahmood Moosazadeh 352, Maryam Moossavi 458, Ghobad Moradi 459 460, Mohammad Moradi-Joo 461, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh 91, Farhad Moradpour 459, Lidia Morawska 462, Joana Morgado-da-Costa 463, Naho Morisaki 464, Shane Douglas Morrison 465, Abbas Mosapour 4 452, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi 466, Achenef Asmamaw Muche 42, Oumer Sada S Muhammed 467, Jonah Musa 468 469, Ashraf F Nabhan 470 471, Mehdi Naderi 472, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan 473 474, Gabriele Nagel 475, Azin Nahvijou 476, Gurudatta Naik 477, Farid Najafi 478, Luigi Naldi 479 480, Hae Sung Nam 481 482, Naser Nasiri 483, Javad Nazari 484 485, Ionut Negoi 111, Subas Neupane 486, Polly A Newcomb 487 488, Haruna Asura Nggada 489 490, Josephine W Ngunjiri 491, Cuong Tat Nguyen 492, Leila Nikniaz 493, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum 494 495, Yirga Legesse Nirayo 16, Molly R Nixon 1, Chukwudi A Nnaji 496 497, Marzieh Nojomi 91 498, Shirin Nosratnejad 499, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh 500, Mohammed Suleiman Obsa 501, Richard Ofori-Asenso 502 503, Felix Akpojene Ogbo 504, In-Hwan Oh 505, Andrew T Olagunju 506 507, Tinuke O Olagunju 508, Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu 509, Abidemi E Omonisi 510 511, Obinna E Onwujekwe 512, Anu Mary Oommen 513, Eyal Oren 488 514, Doris D V Ortega-Altamirano 81, Erika Ota 515, Stanislav S Otstavnov 516, Mayowa Ojo Owolabi 517, Mahesh P A 518, Jagadish Rao Padubidri 519, Smita Pakhale 520, Amir H Pakpour 521 522, Adrian Pana 280 298, Eun-Kee Park 523, Hadi Parsian 4, Tahereh Pashaei 398, Shanti Patel 524, Snehal T Patil 525, Alyssa Pennini 1, David M Pereira 221 526, Cristiano Piccinelli 527, Julian David Pillay 528, Majid Pirestani 529, Farhad Pishgar 75 530, Maarten J Postma 531 532, Hadi Pourjafar 533 534, Farshad Pourmalek 134, Akram Pourshams 399, Swayam Prakash 535, Narayan Prasad 535, Mostafa Qorbani 536, Mohammad Rabiee 537, Navid Rabiee 95 538, Amir Radfar 539, Alireza Rafiei 540 541, Fakher Rahim 21 542, Mahdi Rahimi 332, Muhammad Aziz Rahman 543 544, Fatemeh Rajati 545, Saleem M Rana 546 547, Samira Raoofi 246, Goura Kishor Rath 548, David Laith Rawaf 549 550, Salman Rawaf 396 551, Robert C Reiner 1 278, Andre M N Renzaho 552, Nima Rezaei 553 554, Aziz Rezapour 45, Ana Isabel Ribeiro 555, Daniela Ribeiro 556, Luca Ronfani 457, Elias Merdassa Roro 14 557, Gholamreza Roshandel 399 558, Ali Rostami 559, Ragy Safwat Saad 560, Parisa Sabbagh 559, Siamak Sabour 561, Basema Saddik 562, Saeid Safiri 563, Amirhossein Sahebkar 564 565, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor 566, Farkhonde Salehi 567, Hosni Salem 568, Marwa Rashad Salem 569, Hamideh Salimzadeh 399, Joshua A Salomon 570, Abdallah M Samy 571, Juan Sanabria 572 573, Milena M Santric Milicevic 574, Benn Sartorius 278 575, Arash Sarveazad 576, Brijesh Sathian 577 578, Maheswar Satpathy 579 580, Miloje Savic 581, Monika Sawhney 582, Mehdi Sayyah 583, Ione J C Schneider 584, Ben Schöttker 129, Mario Sekerija 585 586, Sadaf G Sepanlou 399 400, Masood Sepehrimanesh 587, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi 588 589, Faramarz Shaahmadi 590, Hosein Shabaninejad 591, Mohammad Shahbaz 561, Masood Ali Shaikh 592, Amir Shamshirian 593, Morteza Shamsizadeh 594, Heidar Sharafi 595, Zeinab Sharafi 596, Mehdi Sharif 597 598, Ali Sharifi 599, Hamid Sharifi 600, Rajesh Sharma 601, Aziz Sheikh 602 603, Reza Shirkoohi 476 604, Sharvari Rahul Shukla 605, Si Si 606, Soraya Siabani 607 608, Diego Augusto Santos Silva 609, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira 610 611, Ambrish Singh 612 613, Jasvinder A Singh 614 615, Solomon Sisay 616, Freddy Sitas 321 617, Eugène Sobngwi 618 619, Moslem Soofi 620, Joan B Soriano 621 622, Vasiliki Stathopoulou 623, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan 624, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos 625 626, Takahiro Tabuchi 627, Ken Takahashi 383 628, Omid Reza Tamtaji 438, Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh 629, Segen Gebremeskel Tassew 421, Parvaneh Taymoori 630, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi 91 631, Mohamad-Hani Temsah 147 632, Omar Temsah 147, Berhe Etsay Tesfay 633, Fisaha Haile Tesfay 421 634, Manaye Yihune Teshale 635, Gizachew Assefa Tessema 42 636, Subash Thapa 637, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye 175, Roman Topor-Madry 638 639, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone 640, Eugenio Traini 457, Bach Xuan Tran 641, Khanh Bao Tran 642 643, Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik 119, Irfan Ullah 644, Olalekan A Uthman 645, Marco Vacante 646, Maryam Vaezi 647 648, Patricia Varona Pérez 649 650, Yousef Veisani 651, Simone Vidale 652, Francesco S Violante 219 653, Vasily Vlassov 654, Stein Emil Vollset 1 278, Theo Vos 1 278, Kia Vosoughi 655, Giang Thu Vu 282, Isidora S Vujcic 195, Henry Wabinga 656, Tesfahun Mulatu Wachamo 657, Fasil Shiferaw Wagnew 413, Yasir Waheed 658, Fitsum Weldegebreal 77, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel 76, Tissa Wijeratne 659 660, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash 467 661, Tewodros Eshete Wonde 384, Adam Belay Wondmieneh 662 663, Hailemariam Mekonnen Workie 664, Rajaram Yadav 665, Abbas Yadegar 666, Ali Yadollahpour 667, Mehdi Yaseri 288 668, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi 669 670, Alex Yeshaneh 671, Mohammed Ahmed Yimam 657, Ebrahim M Yimer 119, Engida Yisma 672, Naohiro Yonemoto 673, Mustafa Z Younis 674 675, Bahman Yousefi 332 676, Mahmoud Yousefifard 677, Chuanhua Yu 678 679, Erfan Zabeh 680 681, Vesna Zadnik 682, Telma Zahirian Moghadam 45 683, Zoubida Zaidi 684, Mohammad Zamani 685, Hamed Zandian 683, Alireza Zangeneh 620, Leila Zaki 686, Kazem Zendehdel 476, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe 687, Taye Abuhay Zewale 688, Arash Ziapour 689, Sanjay Zodpey 25, Christopher J L Murray 1 278

Affiliations


Abstract

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data.

Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning.

Evidence review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence.

Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572 000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542 000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819 000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601 000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596 000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414 000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs).

Conclusions and relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Goulart reports receiving grants from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. Dr Haro reports being a contractor for Eli Lilly and Company and receiving personal fees from Lundbeck. Mr Hidru reports receiving grants, personal fees, nonfinancial support, and other support from Adigrat University. Dr Iseh reports receiving nonfinancial support from the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital and the Institute of Human Virology, Nigeria. Dr Jakovljevic reports receiving grants from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Dr James reports receiving grants from Sanofi Pasteur. Dr Lazarus reports receiving grants and personal fees from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, and MSD. Dr Meretoja reports receiving grants from the Cancer Foundation Finland. Dr Moradi-Lakeh reports being a consultant for a project funded by Novartis. Dr Postma reports receiving grants from Quintiles and Bayer; personal fees from AbbVie, Astellas, and Pharmerit; grants and personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Novartis, Janssen, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, MSD, and Asc Academics, as well as serving as an advisor for the organization; and earnings from stock in Ingress Health and PAB BV. Dr Savic reports being an employee of the GlaxoSmithKline group of companies and holds restricted shares in the GlaxoSmithKline group of companies. Dr J. Singh reports receiving personal fees from serving as a consultant for Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM LLC, Medscape, WebMD, the National Institutes of Health, and the American College of Rheumatology; earnings from stocks in the Amarin Corporation and Viking Therapeutics; and nonfinancial support from serving as a member of OMERACT, the US Department of Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee, and committees of the American College of Rheumatology. No other disclosures are reported.


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