Periodontal and peri-implant status and whole salivary interleukin 1-beta levels among individuals using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: an observational study

Shatha Subhi ALHarthi 1, Munerah S BinShabaib 2, Abdulrahman Alwahibi 3, Shahinaz Gamal 1, Eldin Elashiry Jr 4, Sarah E Almershed 5 6 7, Haifa Abdulrahman Alkhamis 8, Lamyia Anweigi 9

Affiliations

doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-02908-0

Abstract

Objective: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are commonly used for managing psychological diseases such as depression. These disorders are also directly associated with periodontal and peri-implant diseases, namely periodontitis and peri-implantitis, respectively. It is hypothesized that there is no difference in periodontal and peri-implant clinicoradiographic status and unstimulated whole salivary interleukin (IL)-1β levels in participants using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and controls (individuals not using SSRI). The aim of the present observational case-control study was to compare periodontal and peri-implant clinicoradiographic statuses and whole salivary IL-1β in participants using SSRI and controls.

Methods: Users of SSRI and controls were included. In all participants, periodontal (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], probing depth [PD], clinical attachment loss [AL] and marginal bone loss [MBL]) and peri-implant (modified PI [mPI], modified GI [mGI], PD and crestal bone loss [CBL]) were assessed. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected and IL-1β levels were determined. Information related to duration of implants in function, duration of depressive symptoms and treatment of depression was retrieved from healthcare records. Sample-size was estimated using 5% error and group comparisons were performed. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Thirty-seven SSRI users and 35 controls were assessed. Individuals using SSRI had a history of depression of 4.2 ± 2.5 years. The mean age of SSRI-users and controls were 48.7 ± 5.7 and 45.3 ± 5.1 years, respectively. Tooth brushing twice daily was reported by 75.7% and 62.9% SSRI-users and controls, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in PI, mPI, GI, mGI, PD, clinical AL, numbers of MT and mesial and distal MBL and CBL among individuals using SSRI compared with controls (Tables 3 and 4). The unstimulated whole salivary flow rate in individuals using SSRI and controls was 0.11 ± 0.003 and 0.12 ± 0.001 ml/min, respectively. Whole salivary IL-1β levels in individuals using SSRI and controls were 57.6 ± 11.6 pg/ml and 34.6 ± 5.2 pg/ml, respectively.

Conclusion: Users of SSRI and controls demonstrate healthy periodontal and peri-implant tissue statuses with no marked differences in whole salivary IL-1β levels provided oral hygiene is stringently maintained.

Keywords: Alveolar bone loss; Attachment loss; Depression; Peri-implant diseases; Periodontal; Probing depth; Saliva.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1 Flow diagram

Fig. 1 Flow diagram

Similar articles

Clinical and Radiographic Peri-Implant Parameters and Whole Salivary Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-6 Levels among Type-2 Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with and without Peri-Implantitis.

Al-Askar M, Ajlan S, Alomar N, Al-Daghri NM.Med Princ Pract. 2018;27(2):133-138. doi: 10.1159/000488032. Epub 2018 Feb 28.PMID: 29490310 Free PMC article.

Relationship between self-rated pain and peri-implant clinical, radiographic and whole salivary inflammatory markers among patients with and without peri-implantitis.

Abduljabbar T, Vohra F, Ullah A, Alhamoudi N, Khan J, Javed F.Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2019 Dec;21(6):1218-1224. doi: 10.1111/cid.12866. Epub 2019 Nov 11.PMID: 31709730

Effect of tongue piercing on periodontal and peri-implant health: A cross-sectional case-control study in adults.

Ibraheem WI, S Preethanath R, Devang Divakar D, Al-Askar M, Al-Kheraif AA.Int J Dent Hyg. 2022 May;20(2):282-290. doi: 10.1111/idh.12499. Epub 2021 Apr 4.PMID: 33773044

Levels of whole salivary advanced glycation end products and interleukin-17 and peri-implant clinical and radiographic status in patients with osteoporosis at 6-years' follow-up.

Al-Qahtani F, Alqhtani N, Divakar DD, Alkhtani F, Alqarawi FK.BMC Oral Health. 2022 Nov 24;22(1):526. doi: 10.1186/s12903-022-02591-7.PMID: 36424586 Free PMC article.

Reliability of periodontal diagnostic tools for monitoring peri-implant health and disease.

Coli P, Christiaens V, Sennerby L, Bruyn H.Periodontol 2000. 2017 Feb;73(1):203-217. doi: 10.1111/prd.12162.PMID: 28000267 Review.

KMEL References

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

References

  1.  
    1. Kessler RC, Bromet EJ. The epidemiology of depression across cultures. Annu Rev Public Health. 2013;34:119–38. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  2.  
    1. Global prevalence and burden of Depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398(10312):1700–12. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  3.  
    1. Kareem O, Ijaz B, Anjum S, Hadayat S, Tariq I, Younis M. Association of depression with dental caries and periodontal disease at a tertiary care hospital. J Pak Med Assoc. 2021;71(5):1345–9. - PubMed
  4.  
    1. Folayan MO, Ibigbami OI, Oloniniyi IO, Oginni O, Aloba O. Associations between psychological wellbeing, depression, general anxiety, perceived social support, tooth brushing frequency and oral ulcers among adults resident in Nigeria during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):520. doi: 10.1186/s12903-021-01871-y. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  5.  
    1. Morales-Chávez MC, Rueda-Delgado YM, Peña-Orozco DA. Prevalence of bucco-dental pathologies in patients with psychiatric disorders. J Clin Exp Dent. 2014;6(1):e7–e11. doi: 10.4317/jced.51147. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  6.  
    1. Carr AB, Gonzalez RLV, Jia L, Lohse CM. Relationship between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of Dental Implant failure. J Prosthodont. 2019;28(3):252–7. doi: 10.1111/jopr.13015. - DOI - PubMed
  7.  
    1. Deepa, Mujawar K, Dhillon K, Jadhav P, Das I, Singla YK. Prognostic implication of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in Osseointegration of Dental Implants: a 5-year Retrospective Study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2018;19(7):842–6. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2345. - DOI - PubMed
  8.  
    1. Hjorth S, Auerbach SB. 5-HT1A autoreceptors and the mode of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) Behav Brain Res. 1996;73(1–2):281–3. - PubMed
  9.  
    1. Campos B, Piña B, Barata CC. Mechanisms of action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in Daphnia magna. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46(5):2943–50. doi: 10.1021/es203157f. - DOI - PubMed
  10.  
    1. Blomgren SL, Tollefson GD, Fluoxetine N Engl J Med. 1995;332(14):960. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199504063321415. - DOI - PubMed
  11.  
    1. Altamura AC, Moro AR, Percudani M. Clinical pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1994;26(3):201–14. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199426030-00004. - DOI - PubMed
  12.  
    1. Branco-de-Almeida LS, Franco GC, Castro ML, Dos Santos JG, Anbinder AL, Cortelli SC, Kajiya M, Kawai T, Rosalen PL. Fluoxetine inhibits inflammatory response and bone loss in a rat model of ligature-induced periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2012;83(5):664–71. doi: 10.1902/jop.2011.110370. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  13.  
    1. Abdel-Salam OM, Baiuomy AR, Arbid MS. Studies on the anti-inflammatory effect of fluoxetine in the rat. Pharmacol Res. 2004;49(2):119–31. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2003.07.016. - DOI - PubMed
  14.  
    1. Creeden JF, Imami AS, Eby HM, Gillman C, Becker KN, Reigle J, Andari E, Pan ZK, O’Donovan SM, McCullumsmith RE, et al. Fluoxetine as an anti-inflammatory therapy in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;138:111437. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111437. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  15.  
    1. Battaglino R, Vokes M, Schulze-Späte U, Sharma A, Graves D, Kohler T, Müller R, Yoganathan S, Stashenko P. Fluoxetine treatment increases trabecular bone formation in mice. J Cell Biochem. 2007;100(6):1387–94. doi: 10.1002/jcb.21131. - DOI - PubMed
  16.  
    1. Muniz F, Melo IM, Rösing CK, de Andrade GM, Martins RS, Moreira M, Carvalho RS. Use of antidepressive agents as a possibility in the management of periodontal diseases: A systematic review of experimental studies.J Investig Clin Dent2018, 9(1). - PubMed
  17.  
    1. Bey A, Ahmad SS, Azmi SA, Ahmed S. Effect of antidepressants on various periodontal parameters: a case-control study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2020;24(2):122–6. doi: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_210_19. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  18.  
    1. Chandra P, Roy S, Kumari A, Agarwal R, Singh A, Sharan S. Role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in Prognosis Dental Implants: a retrospective study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021;13(Suppl 1):92–s6. - PMC - PubMed
  19.  
    1. Altay MA, Sindel A, Özalp Ö, Yildirimyan N, Kader D, Bilge U, Baur DA. Does the intake of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors negatively affect Dental Implant Osseointegration? A retrospective study. J Oral Implantol. 2018;44(4):260–5. doi: 10.1563/aaid-joi-D-17-00240. - DOI - PubMed
  20.  
    1. Chrcanovic BR, Kisch J, Albrektsson T, Wennerberg A. Is the intake of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors associated with an increased risk of dental implant failure? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;46(6):782–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.01.016. - DOI - PubMed
  21.  
    1. Wu X, Al-Abedalla K, Rastikerdar E, Abi Nader S, Daniel NG, Nicolau B, Tamimi F. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of osseointegrated implant failure: a cohort study. J Dent Res. 2014;93(11):1054–61. doi: 10.1177/0022034514549378. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  22.  
    1. Gümüş P, Nizam N, Nalbantsoy A, Özçaka Ö, Buduneli N. Saliva and serum levels of pentraxin-3 and interleukin-1β in generalized aggressive or chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2014;85(3):e40–6. doi: 10.1902/jop.2013.130281. - DOI - PubMed
  23.  
    1. Fonseca FJ, Moraes Junior M, Lourenço EJ, Teles Dde M, Figueredo CM. Cytokines expression in saliva and peri-implant crevicular fluid of patients with peri-implant disease. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014;25(2):e68–72. doi: 10.1111/clr.12052. - DOI - PubMed
  24.  
    1. Brandt WA, Loew T, von Heymann F, Stadtmüller G, Tischinger M, Strom F, Molfenter J, Georgi A, Tritt K. How does the ICD-10 symptom rating (ISR) with four items assess depression compared to the BDI-II? A validation study. J Affect Disord. 2015;173:143–5. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.070. - DOI - PubMed
  25.  
    1. Garcia D, Tarima S, Glasman L, Cassidy LD, Meurer J, Okunseri C. Latino acculturation and Periodontitis Status among mexican-origin adults in the United States: NHANES 2009–2012. Fam Community Health. 2017;40(2):112–20. doi: 10.1097/FCH.0000000000000142. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  26.  
    1. Javed F, Al-Zawawi AS, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Mehmood A, Divakar DD, Al-Kheraif AA. Periodontal Conditions and Whole Salivary IL-17A and – 23 Levels among Young Adult Cannabis sativa (Marijuana)-Smokers, Heavy Cigarette-Smokers and Non-Smokers.Int J Environ Res Public Health2020, 17(20). - PMC - PubMed
  27.  
    1. Abdul Majid H, Ramli L, Ying SP, Su TT, Jalaludin MY, Abdul Mohsein NA. Dietary intake among adolescents in a Middle-Income Country: an outcome from the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team Study (the MyHeARTs Study) PLoS ONE. 2016;11(5):e0155447. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155447. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  28.  
    1. Silness J, Loe H. PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN PREGNANCY. II. CORRELATION BETWEEN ORAL HYGIENE AND PERIODONTAL CONDTION. Acta Odontol Scand. 1964;22:121–35. doi: 10.3109/00016356408993968. - DOI - PubMed
  29.  
    1. Loe H, Silness J. PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN PREGNANCY. I. PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963;21:533–51. doi: 10.3109/00016356309011240. - DOI - PubMed
  30.  
    1. Genco RJ, Grossi SG, Ho A, Nishimura F, Murayama Y. A proposed model linking inflammation to obesity, diabetes, and periodontal infections. J Periodontol. 2005;76(11 Suppl):2075–84. doi: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.11-S.2075. - DOI - PubMed
  31.  
    1. Armitage GC, Svanberg GK, Löe H. Microscopic evaluation of clinical measurements of connective tissue attachment levels. J Clin Periodontol. 1977;4(3):173–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.1977.tb02271.x. - DOI - PubMed
  32.  
    1. Javed F, Näsström K, Benchimol D, Altamash M, Klinge B, Engström PE. Comparison of periodontal and socioeconomic status between subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic controls. J Periodontol. 2007;78(11):2112–9. doi: 10.1902/jop.2007.070186. - DOI - PubMed
  33.  
    1. Ali D. Levels of interleukin 1-beta and soluble urokinase plasminogen activation factor in peri-implant sulcular fluid of cement- and screw-retained dental implants. Quintessence Int. 2023;0(0):0. - PubMed
  34.  
    1. Abduljabbar T, Vohra F, Ullah A, Alhamoudi N, Khan J, Javed F. Relationship between self-rated pain and peri-implant clinical, radiographic and whole salivary inflammatory markers among patients with and without peri-implantitis. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2019;21(6):1218–24. doi: 10.1111/cid.12866. - DOI - PubMed
  35.  
    1. AlMubarak AM, Alqutub MN, Javed F, Vohra F, Abduljabbar T. Whole salivary cotinine levels and interleukin 1-β levels among young adults involuntarily exposed to Vapor from Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2022;20(1):127–32. - PubMed
  36.  
    1. Javed F, Al-Kheraif AA, Al Amri MD, Alshehri M, Vohra F, Al-Askar M, Malmstrom H, Romanos GE. Periodontal Status and Whole Salivary Cytokine Profile among smokers and never-smokers with and without Prediabetes. J Periodontol. 2015;86(7):890–8. doi: 10.1902/jop.2015.140593. - DOI - PubMed
  37.  
    1. Javed F, Klingspor L, Sundin U, Altamash M, Klinge B, Engström PE. Periodontal conditions, oral Candida albicans and salivary proteins in type 2 diabetic subjects with emphasis on gender. BMC Oral Health. 2009;9:12. doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-9-12. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  38.  
    1. Boillot A, El Halabi B, Batty GD, Rangé H, Czernichow S, Bouchard P. Education as a predictor of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review with meta-analysis population-based studies. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(7):e21508. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021508. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  39.  
    1. Al-Askar M, Ajlan S, Alomar N, Al-Daghri NM. Clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters and whole salivary Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-6 levels among Type-2 Diabetic and nondiabetic patients with and without Peri-Implantitis. Med Princ Pract. 2018;27(2):133–8. doi: 10.1159/000488032. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  40.  
    1. Majeed MM, Ahmed I, Roome T, Alali Y, Al-Aali KA, Ahmed N, Saleem Z, Alhumaidan AA, Farooqui WA, Ahmed S et al. Association of the Unstimulated Whole Salivary Cytokine IL-1β Levels with Initial, Moderate and Severe Periodontitis. A Case Control Study.Int J Environ Res Public Health2022, 19(5). - PMC - PubMed
  41.  
    1. Bloemen V, Schoenmaker T, de Vries TJ, Everts V. IL-1β favors osteoclastogenesis via supporting human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem. 2011;112(7):1890–7. doi: 10.1002/jcb.23109. - DOI - PubMed
  42.  
    1. Trebec-Reynolds DP, Voronov I, Heersche JN, Manolson MF. IL-1alpha and IL-1beta have different effects on formation and activity of large osteoclasts. J Cell Biochem. 2010;109(5):975–82. - PubMed
  43.  
    1. Mortazavi SH, Khojasteh A, Vaziri H, Khoshzaban A, Roudsari MV, Razavi SH. The effect of fluoxetine on bone regeneration in rat calvarial bone defects. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;108(1):22–7. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.01.006. - DOI - PubMed
  44.  
    1. Lin SL, Wu SL, Tsai CC, Ko SY, Yang JW. Serum cortisol level and disc displacement disorders of the temporomandibular joint. J Oral Rehabil. 2016;43(1):10–5. doi: 10.1111/joor.12331. - DOI - PubMed
  45.  
    1. Proctor GB. The physiology of salivary secretion. Periodontol 2000. 2016;70(1):11–25. doi: 10.1111/prd.12116. - DOI - PubMed
  46.  
    1. Decker AM, Kapila YL, Wang HL. The psychobiological links between chronic stress-related diseases, periodontal/peri-implant diseases, and wound healing. Periodontol 2000. 2021;87(1):94–106. doi: 10.1111/prd.12381. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  47.  
    1. Ali D, Baskaradoss JK, Joseph BK. Cortisol levels in the peri-implant Sulcular Fluid of Type-2 Diabetic and non-diabetic patients with peri-implantitis. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2022;20(1):219–26. - PubMed
  48.  
    1. Yonekura T, Takeda K, Shetty V, Yamaguchi M. Relationship between salivary cortisol and depression in adolescent survivors of a major natural disaster. J Physiol Sci. 2014;64(4):261–7. doi: 10.1007/s12576-014-0315-x. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
  49.  
    1. Suijk DLS, Dols A, van Exel E, Stek ML, Veltman E, Bouckaert F, Sienaert P, Rhebergen D. Salivary cortisol as predictor for depression characteristics and remission in electroconvulsive therapy in older persons. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2019;20(9):683–90. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2018.1433326. - DOI - PubMed

Page Navigation