Unhealthy Phenotype as Indicated by Salivary Biomarkers: Glucose, Insulin, VEGF-A, and IL-12p70 in Obese Kuwaiti Adolescents

Mor-Li Hartman 1, J Max Goodson 1, Ping Shi 1, Jorel Vargas 1, Tina Yaskell 1, Danielle Stephens 1, Maryann Cugini 1, Hatice Hasturk 1, Roula Barake 2, Osama Alsmadi 3, Sabiha Al-Mutawa 4, Jitendra Ariga 4, Pramod Soparkar 1, Jawad Behbehani 5, Kazem Behbehani 6, Francine Welty 7

Affiliations

01 January 2016

-

doi: 10.1155/2016/6860240

Abstract

Objective: Here, we investigated the relationships between obesity and the salivary concentrations of insulin, glucose, and 20 metabolic biomarkers in Kuwaiti adolescents. Previously, we have shown that certain salivary metabolic markers can act as surrogates for blood concentrations.

Methods: Salivary samples of whole saliva were collected from 8,317 adolescents. Salivary glucose concentration was measured by a high-sensitivity glucose oxidase method implemented on a robotic chemical analyzer. The concentration of salivary insulin and 20 other metabolic biomarkers was assayed in 744 randomly selected saliva samples by multiplexed bead-based immunoassay.

Results: Obesity was seen in 26.5% of the adolescents. Salivary insulin predicting hyperinsulinemia occurred in 4.3% of normal-weight adolescents, 8.3% of overweight adolescents, and 25.7% of obese adolescents (p < 0.0001). Salivary glucose predicting hyperglycemia was found in only 3% of obese children and was not predictive (p = 0.89). Elevated salivary glucose and insulin occurring together was associated with elevated vascular endothelial growth factor and reduced salivary interleukin-12.

Conclusion: Considering the surrogate nature of salivary insulin and glucose, this study suggests that elevated insulin may be a dominant sign of metabolic disease in adolescent populations. It also appears that a proangiogenic environment may accompany elevated glucose in obese adolescents.

Figures

Figure 1 Semilogarithmic distribution of salivary glucose concentration values. Approximate values of the concentration of plasma glucose were computed from the equation [plasma = 13.5 × saliva + 84.8] [10]. The salivary glucose concentration of 1.13 mg/dL was computed from the same equation and is approximately equivalent to a hyperglycemic plasma value of 100 mg/dL.

Figure 1 Semilogarithmic distribution of salivary glucose concentration values. Approximate values of the concentration of plasma glucose were computed from the equation [plasma = 13.5 × saliva + 84.8] [10]. The salivary glucose concentration of 1.13 mg/dL was computed from the same equation and is approximately equivalent to a hyperglycemic plasma value of 100 mg/dL.

Figure 2 Percentage of the subset of 744 adolescents in each body weight category who had high salivary insulin and glucose concentrations. Only the values marked with an asterisk differed between high glucose and high insulin for each body weight category.

Figure 2 Percentage of the subset of 744 adolescents in each body weight category who had high salivary insulin and glucose concentrations. Only the values marked with an asterisk differed between high glucose and high insulin for each body weight category.

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. 2016;2016:6860240.

doi: 10.1155/2016/6860240. Epub 2016 Mar 16.

Unhealthy Phenotype as Indicated by Salivary Biomarkers: Glucose, Insulin, VEGF-A, and IL-12p70 in Obese Kuwaiti Adolescents

Mor-Li Hartman 1, J Max Goodson 1, Ping Shi 1, Jorel Vargas 1, Tina Yaskell 1, Danielle Stephens 1, Maryann Cugini 1, Hatice Hasturk 1, Roula Barake 2, Osama Alsmadi 3, Sabiha Al-Mutawa 4, Jitendra Ariga 4, Pramod Soparkar 1, Jawad Behbehani 5, Kazem Behbehani 6, Francine Welty 7

Affiliations expand

Free PMC article

Abstract

Objective: Here, we investigated the relationships between obesity and the salivary concentrations of insulin, glucose, and 20 metabolic biomarkers in Kuwaiti adolescents. Previously, we have shown that certain salivary metabolic markers can act as surrogates for blood concentrations.

Methods: Salivary samples of whole saliva were collected from 8,317 adolescents. Salivary glucose concentration was measured by a high-sensitivity glucose oxidase method implemented on a robotic chemical analyzer. The concentration of salivary insulin and 20 other metabolic biomarkers was assayed in 744 randomly selected saliva samples by multiplexed bead-based immunoassay.

Results: Obesity was seen in 26.5% of the adolescents. Salivary insulin predicting hyperinsulinemia occurred in 4.3% of normal-weight adolescents, 8.3% of overweight adolescents, and 25.7% of obese adolescents (p < 0.0001). Salivary glucose predicting hyperglycemia was found in only 3% of obese children and was not predictive (p = 0.89). Elevated salivary glucose and insulin occurring together was associated with elevated vascular endothelial growth factor and reduced salivary interleukin-12.

Conclusion: Considering the surrogate nature of salivary insulin and glucose, this study suggests that elevated insulin may be a dominant sign of metabolic disease in adolescent populations. It also appears that a proangiogenic environment may accompany elevated glucose in obese adolescents.

Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1

Semilogarithmic distribution of salivary glucose…

Figure 2

Figure 2

Percentage of the subset of…

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