The power of genetic diversity in genome-wide association studies of lipids
Sarah E Graham 1, Shoa L Clarke # 2 3, Kuan-Han H Wu # 4, Stavroula Kanoni # 5, Greg J M Zajac # 6, Shweta Ramdas # 7, Ida Surakka 1, Ioanna Ntalla 8, Sailaja Vedantam 9 10, Thomas W Winkler 11, Adam E Locke 12, Eirini Marouli 5, Mi Yeong Hwang 13, Sohee Han 13, Akira Narita 14, Ananyo Choudhury 15, Amy R Bentley 16, Kenneth Ekoru 16, Anurag Verma 7, Bhavi Trivedi 17, Hilary C Martin 18, Karen A Hunt 17, Qin Hui 19 20, Derek Klarin 21 22 23, Xiang Zhu 2 24 25 26, Gudmar Thorleifsson 27, Anna Helgadottir 27, Daniel F Gudbjartsson 27 28, Hilma Holm 27, Isleifur Olafsson 29, Masato Akiyama 30 31, Saori Sakaue 30 32 33, Chikashi Terao 34, Masahiro Kanai 23 30 35, Wei Zhou 4 36 37, Ben M Brumpton 38 39 40, Humaira Rasheed 38 39, Sanni E Ruotsalainen 41, Aki S Havulinna 41 42, Yogasudha Veturi 43, QiPing Feng 44, Elisabeth A Rosenthal 45, Todd Lingren 46, Jennifer Allen Pacheco 47, Sarah A Pendergrass 48, Jeffrey Haessler 49, Franco Giulianini 50, Yuki Bradford 43, Jason E Miller 43, Archie Campbell 51 52, Kuang Lin 53, Iona Y Millwood 53 54, George Hindy 55, Asif Rasheed 56, Jessica D Faul 57, Wei Zhao 58, David R Weir 57, Constance Turman 59, Hongyan Huang 59, Mariaelisa Graff 60, Anubha Mahajan 61, Michael R Brown 62, Weihua Zhang 63 64 65, Ketian Yu 66, Ellen M Schmidt 66, Anita Pandit 66, Stefan Gustafsson 67, Xianyong Yin 66, Jian'an Luan 68, Jing-Hua Zhao 69, Fumihiko Matsuda 70, Hye-Mi Jang 13, Kyungheon Yoon 13, Carolina Medina-Gomez 71 72, Achilleas Pitsillides 73, Jouke Jan Hottenga 74 75, Gonneke Willemsen 74 76, Andrew R Wood 77, Yingji Ji 77, Zishan Gao 78 79 80, Simon Haworth 81 82, Ruth E Mitchell 81 83, Jin Fang Chai 84, Mette Aadahl 85, Jie Yao 86, Ani Manichaikul 87, Helen R Warren 88 89, Julia Ramirez 88, Jette Bork-Jensen 90, Line L Kårhus 85, Anuj Goel 61 91, Maria Sabater-Lleal 92 93, Raymond Noordam 94, Carlo Sidore 95, Edoardo Fiorillo 96, Aaron F McDaid 97 98, Pedro Marques-Vidal 99, Matthias Wielscher 100, Stella Trompet 101 102, Naveed Sattar 103, Line T Møllehave 85, Betina H Thuesen 85, Matthias Munz 104 105 106, Lingyao Zeng 107 108, Jianfeng Huang 109, Bin Yang 109, Alaitz Poveda 110, Azra Kurbasic 110, Claudia Lamina 111 112, Lukas Forer 111 112, Markus Scholz 113 114, Tessel E Galesloot 115, Jonathan P Bradfield 116, E Warwick Daw 117, Joseph M Zmuda 118, Jonathan S Mitchell 119, Christian Fuchsberger 119, Henry Christensen 120, Jennifer A Brody 121, Mary F Feitosa 117, Mary K Wojczynski 117, Michael Preuss 122, Massimo Mangino 123 124, Paraskevi Christofidou 123, Niek Verweij 125, Jan W Benjamins 125, Jorgen Engmann 126 127, Rachel L Kember 128, Roderick C Slieker 129 130, Ken Sin Lo 131, Nuno R Zilhao 132, Phuong Le 133, Marcus E Kleber 134 135, Graciela E Delgado 134, Shaofeng Huo 136, Daisuke D Ikeda 137, Hiroyuki Iha 137, Jian Yang 138 139, Jun Liu 140, Hampton L Leonard 141 142, Jonathan Marten 143, Börge Schmidt 144, Marina Arendt 144 145, Laura J Smyth 146, Marisa Cañadas-Garre 146, Chaolong Wang 147 148, Masahiro Nakatochi 149, Andrew Wong 150, Nina Hutri-Kähönen 151 152, Xueling Sim 84, Rui Xia 153, Alicia Huerta-Chagoya 154, Juan Carlos Fernandez-Lopez 155, Valeriya Lyssenko 156 157, Meraj Ahmed 158, Anne U Jackson 6, Marguerite R Irvin 159, Christopher Oldmeadow 160, Han-Na Kim 161 162, Seungho Ryu 163 164, Paul R H J Timmers 143 165, Liubov Arbeeva 166, Rajkumar Dorajoo 148, Leslie A Lange 167, Xiaoran Chai 168 169, Gauri Prasad 170 171, Laura Lorés-Motta 172, Marc Pauper 172, Jirong Long 173, Xiaohui Li 86, Elizabeth Theusch 174, Fumihiko Takeuchi 175, Cassandra N Spracklen 176 177, Anu Loukola 41, Sailalitha Bollepalli 41, Sophie C Warner 178 179, Ya Xing Wang 180 181, Wen B Wei 181, Teresa Nutile 182, Daniela Ruggiero 182 183, Yun Ju Sung 184, Yi-Jen Hung 185, Shufeng Chen 109, Fangchao Liu 109, Jingyun Yang 186 187, Katherine A Kentistou 165, Mathias Gorski 11 188, Marco Brumat 189, Karina Meidtner 190 191, Lawrence F Bielak 58, Jennifer A Smith 57 58, Prashantha Hebbar 192, Aliki-Eleni Farmaki 193 194, Edith Hofer 195 196, Maoxuan Lin 197, Chao Xue 1, Jifeng Zhang 1, Maria Pina Concas 198, Simona Vaccargiu 199, Peter J van der Most 200, Niina Pitkänen 201 202, Brian E Cade 203 204, Jiwon Lee 203, Sander W van der Laan 205, Kumaraswamy Naidu Chitrala 206, Stefan Weiss 207, Martina E Zimmermann 11, Jong Young Lee 208, Hyeok Sun Choi 209, Maria Nethander 210 211, Sandra Freitag-Wolf 212, Lorraine Southam 213 214, Nigel W Rayner 18 61 213 215, Carol A Wang 216, Shih-Yi Lin 217 218 219, Jun-Sing Wang 220 221, Christian Couture 222, Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen 223 224, Kjell Nikus 225 226, Gabriel Cuellar-Partida 227, Henrik Vestergaard 90 228, Bertha Hildalgo 229, Olga Giannakopoulou 5, Qiuyin Cai 173, Morgan O Obura 129, Jessica van Setten 230, Xiaoyin Li 231, Karen Schwander 117, Natalie Terzikhan 72, Jae Hun Shin 209, Rebecca D Jackson 232, Alexander P Reiner 233, Lisa Warsinger Martin 234, Zhengming Chen 53 54, Liming Li 235, Heather M Highland 60, Kristin L Young 60, Takahisa Kawaguchi 70, Joachim Thiery 114 236, Joshua C Bis 121, Girish N Nadkarni 122, Lenore J Launer 237, Huaixing Li 136, Mike A Nalls 141 142, Olli T Raitakari 201 202 238, Sahoko Ichihara 239, Sarah H Wild 240, Christopher P Nelson 178 179, Harry Campbell 165, Susanne Jäger 190 191, Toru Nabika 241, Fahd Al-Mulla 192, Harri Niinikoski 242 243, Peter S Braund 178 179, Ivana Kolcic 244, Peter Kovacs 245, Tota Giardoglou 246, Tomohiro Katsuya 247 248, Konain Fatima Bhatti 5, Dominique de Kleijn 249, Gert J de Borst 249, Eung Kweon Kim 250, Hieab H H Adams 72 251, M Arfan Ikram 72, Xiaofeng Zhu 231, Folkert W Asselbergs 230, Adriaan O Kraaijeveld 230, Joline W J Beulens 129 252, Xiao-Ou Shu 173, Loukianos S Rallidis 253, Oluf Pedersen 90, Torben Hansen 90, Paul Mitchell 254, Alex W Hewitt 255 256, Mika Kähönen 257 258, Louis Pérusse 222 259, Claude Bouchard 260, Anke Tönjes 245, Yii-Der Ida Chen 86, Craig E Pennell 216, Trevor A Mori 261, Wolfgang Lieb 262, Andre Franke 263, Claes Ohlsson 210 264, Dan Mellström 210 265, Yoon Shin Cho 209, Hyejin Lee 266, Jian-Min Yuan 267 268, Woon-Puay Koh 269 270, Sang Youl Rhee 271, Jeong-Taek Woo 271, Iris M Heid 11, Klaus J Stark 11, Henry Völzke 272, Georg Homuth 207, Michele K Evans 273, Alan B Zonderman 273, Ozren Polasek 244, Gerard Pasterkamp 205, Imo E Hoefer 205, Susan Redline 203 204, Katja Pahkala 201 202 274, Albertine J Oldehinkel 275, Harold Snieder 200, Ginevra Biino 276, Reinhold Schmidt 195, Helena Schmidt 277, Y Eugene Chen 1, Stefania Bandinelli 278, George Dedoussis 193, Thangavel Alphonse Thanaraj 192, Sharon L R Kardia 58, Norihiro Kato 175, Matthias B Schulze 190 191 279, Giorgia Girotto 189 280, Bettina Jung 188, Carsten A Böger 188 281 282, Peter K Joshi 165, David A Bennett 186 187, Philip L De Jager 283 284, Xiangfeng Lu 109, Vasiliki Mamakou 285 286, Morris Brown 89 287, Mark J Caulfield 88 89, Patricia B Munroe 88 89, Xiuqing Guo 86, Marina Ciullo 182 183, Jost B Jonas 288 289 290, Nilesh J Samani 178 179, Jaakko Kaprio 41, Päivi Pajukanta 291, Linda S Adair 292 293, Sonny Augustin Bechayda 294 295, H Janaka de Silva 296, Ananda R Wickremasinghe 297, Ronald M Krauss 298, Jer-Yuarn Wu 299, Wei Zheng 173, Anneke I den Hollander 172, Dwaipayan Bharadwaj 171 300, Adolfo Correa 301, James G Wilson 302, Lars Lind 303, Chew-Kiat Heng 304 305, Amanda E Nelson 166 306, Yvonne M Golightly 166 307 308 309, James F Wilson 143 165, Brenda Penninx 310 76, Hyung-Lae Kim 311, John Attia 160 312, Rodney J Scott 160 312, D C Rao 313, Donna K Arnett 314, Mark Walker 315, Heikki A Koistinen 316 317 318, Giriraj R Chandak 158 319, Chittaranjan S Yajnik 320, Josep M Mercader 321 322 323, Teresa Tusié-Luna 324 325 326, Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas 327 328, Clicerio Gonzalez Villalpando 329, Lorena Orozco 330, Myriam Fornage 153 331, E Shyong Tai 84 332, Rob M van Dam 84 332, Terho Lehtimäki 223 224, Nish Chaturvedi 150, Mitsuhiro Yokota 333, Jianjun Liu 148, Dermot F Reilly 334, Amy Jayne McKnight 146, Frank Kee 146, Karl-Heinz Jöckel 144, Mark I McCarthy 48 61 335, Colin N A Palmer 336, Veronique Vitart 143, Caroline Hayward 143, Eleanor Simonsick 337, Cornelia M van Duijn 140, Fan Lu 338, Jia Qu 338, Haretsugu Hishigaki 137, Xu Lin 136, Winfried März 134 339 340, Esteban J Parra 133, Miguel Cruz 341, Vilmundur Gudnason 132 342, Jean-Claude Tardif 131 343, Guillaume Lettre 131 344, Leen M 't Hart 129 130 345, Petra J M Elders 346, Scott M Damrauer 347 348, Meena Kumari 349, Mika Kivimaki 127, Pim van der Harst 125, Tim D Spector 123, Ruth J F Loos 122 350, Michael A Province 117, Bruce M Psaty 351 352, Ivan Brandslund 120 353, Peter P Pramstaller 119, Kaare Christensen 354, Samuli Ripatti 41 355 356, Elisabeth Widén 41, Hakon Hakonarson 357 358, Struan F A Grant 359 358 360, Lambertus A L M Kiemeney 115, Jacqueline de Graaf 115, Markus Loeffler 113 114, Florian Kronenberg 112 361, Dongfeng Gu 109 362, Jeanette Erdmann 363, Heribert Schunkert 107 364, Paul W Franks 110, Allan Linneberg 85 365, J Wouter Jukema 101 366, Amit V Khera 367 368 369 370, Minna Männikkö 371, Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin 100 372 373, Zoltan Kutalik 98 374, Francesco Cucca 375 376, Dennis O Mook-Kanamori 377 378, Ko Willems van Dijk 379 380 381, Hugh Watkins 61 91, David P Strachan 382, Niels Grarup 90, Peter Sever 383, Neil Poulter 384, Jerome I Rotter 86, Thomas M Dantoft 85, Fredrik Karpe 385 386, Matt J Neville 385 386, Nicholas J Timpson 81 83, Ching-Yu Cheng 168 387, Tien-Yin Wong 168 387, Chiea Chuen Khor 148, Charumathi Sabanayagam 168 387, Annette Peters 80 191 388, Christian Gieger 79 80 191, Andrew T Hattersley 389, Nancy L Pedersen 390, Patrik K E Magnusson 390, Dorret I Boomsma 74 75 391, Eco J C de Geus 74 76, L Adrienne Cupples 73 392, Joyce B J van Meurs 71 72, Mohsen Ghanbari 72 393, Penny Gordon-Larsen 292 293, Wei Huang 394, Young Jin Kim 13, Yasuharu Tabara 70, Nicholas J Wareham 68, Claudia Langenberg 68, Eleftheria Zeggini 213 214 395, Johanna Kuusisto 396, Markku Laakso 396, Erik Ingelsson 3 67 397 398, Goncalo Abecasis 66 399, John C Chambers 63 64 400 401, Jaspal S Kooner 64 65 402 383, Paul S de Vries 62, Alanna C Morrison 62, Kari E North 60, Martha Daviglus 403, Peter Kraft 59 404, Nicholas G Martin 405, John B Whitfield 405, Shahid Abbas 56 406, Danish Saleheen 56 407 408, Robin G Walters 53 54 409, Michael V Holmes 53 54 410, Corri Black 411, Blair H Smith 412, Anne E Justice 413, Aris Baras 399, Julie E Buring 50 321, Paul M Ridker 50 321, Daniel I Chasman 50 321, Charles Kooperberg 49, Wei-Qi Wei 414, Gail P Jarvik 415, Bahram Namjou 416, M Geoffrey Hayes 417 418 419, Marylyn D Ritchie 43, Pekka Jousilahti 42, Veikko Salomaa 42, Kristian Hveem 38 420 421, Bjørn Olav Åsvold 38 420 422, Michiaki Kubo 423, Yoichiro Kamatani 30 424, Yukinori Okada 30 32 425 426, Yoshinori Murakami 427, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir 27 342, Kari Stefansson 27 342, Yuk-Lam Ho 428, Julie A Lynch 429 430, Daniel J Rader 359 431, Philip S Tsao 2 3 432, Kyong-Mi Chang 431 433, Kelly Cho 428 434, Christopher J O'Donnell 428 434, John M Gaziano 428 434, Peter Wilson 435 436, Charles N Rotimi 16, Scott Hazelhurst 15 437, Michèle Ramsay 15 438, Richard C Trembath 439, David A van Heel 17, Gen Tamiya 14, Masayuki Yamamoto 14, Bong-Jo Kim 13, Karen L Mohlke 176, Timothy M Frayling 77, Joel N Hirschhorn 9 10 440, Sekar Kathiresan 368 370 441; VA Million Veteran Program; Global Lipids Genetics Consortium*; Michael Boehnke 6, Pradeep Natarajan 37 442 443 444, Gina M Peloso 73, Christopher D Brown 7, Andrew P Morris 445, Themistocles L Assimes 446 447 448, Panos Deloukas 5 89 449, Yan V Sun 19 20, Cristen J Willer 450 451 452 453
Affiliations
Affiliations
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- 2VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- 3Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- 4Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- 5William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- 6Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistics Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- 7Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 8Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- 9Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- 10Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- 11Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
- 12McDonnell Genome Institute and Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.
- 13Department of Precision Medicine, Division of Genome Science, National Institute of Health, Cheongju-si, South Korea.
- 14Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
- 15Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- 16Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- 17Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- 18Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- 19Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- 20Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA.
- 21Malcolm Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- 22Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- 23Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- 24Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- 25Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- 26Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- 27deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- 28School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- 29Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Landspitali-National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- 30Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
- 31Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- 32Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
- 33Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- 34Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
- 35Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- 36Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- 37Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- 38K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- 39MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- 40Department of Thoracic Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
- 41Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- 42Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
- 43Department of Genetics, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 44Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- 45Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 46Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- 47Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- 48Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
- 49Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 50Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- 51Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
- 52Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- 53Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- 54Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- 55Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University College of Medicine, QU Health, Doha, Qatar.
- 56Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan.
- 57Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- 58Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- 59Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- 60Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- 61Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- 62Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- 63Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- 64Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Southall, UK.
- 65Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
- 66Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- 67Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- 68MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
- 69Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, UK.
- 70Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
- 71Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- 72Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- 73Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- 74Department of Biological Psychology, Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- 75Amsterdam Public Health, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- 76Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- 77Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
- 78Department of Clinical Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- 79Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
- 80Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
- 81MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- 82Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- 83Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- 84Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
- 85Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- 86The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations (Formerly LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.
- 87Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- 88William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- 89NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- 90Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- 91Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- 92Group of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Research Institute of Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
- 93Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 94Department of Internal Medicine, Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- 95Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Italian National Council of Research (IRGB CNR), Cagliari,, Italy.
- 96Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Italian National Council of Research (IRGB CNR), Lanusei, Italy.
- 97University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- 98Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- 99Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- 100Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- 101Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- 102Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- 103BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK.
- 104Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
- 105Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- 106Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Berlin Institute of Health, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Berlin, Germany.
- 107Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- 108Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
- 109Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- 110Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmo, Sweden.
- 111Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
- 112German Chronic Kidney Disease Study, Innsbruck, Austria.
- 113Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- 114LIFE Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- 115Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- 116Quantinuum Research, Wayne, PA, USA.
- 117Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- 118Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- 119Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy.
- 120Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.
- 121Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 122The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- 123Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
- 124NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- 125Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- 126Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
- 127Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
- 128Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 129Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- 130Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- 131Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- 132Icelandic Heart Association, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- 133Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
- 134Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- 135Synlab MVZ Humangenetik Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
- 136Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- 137Biomedical Technology Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Tokushima, Japan.
- 138Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- 139Institute for Advanced Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- 140Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- 141Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- 142Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA.
- 143MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
- 144Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrie and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
- 145Department of Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
- 146Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK.
- 147Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- 148Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
- 149Public Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
- 150MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK.
- 151Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
- 152Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
- 153Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- 154Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico.
- 155Departamento de Genómica Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, Mexico.
- 156Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- 157Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden.
- 158Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.
- 159Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- 160Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
- 161Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- 162Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.
- 163Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- 164Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- 165Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- 166Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- 167Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
- 168Ocular Epidemiology, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- 169Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
- 170Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.
- 171Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology Campus, New Delhi, India.
- 172Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- 173Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- 174Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA,, USA.
- 175National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- 176Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- 177Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA,, USA.
- 178Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
- 179NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.
- 180Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing, China.
- 181Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- 182Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso"-CNR, Naples, Italy.
- 183IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy.
- 184Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.
- 185Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
- 186Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
- 187Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
- 188Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
- 189Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
- 190Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
- 191German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
- 192Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait.
- 193Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- 194Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
- 195Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- 196Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- 197Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
- 198Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
- 199Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council of Italy, UOS of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
- 200Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- 201Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- 202Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
- 203Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- 204Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- 205Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- 206Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH Biomedical Research Center, NIA, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- 207Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald and University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
- 208Oneomics, Bucheon, Korea.
- 209Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea.
- 210Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- 211Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- 212Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
- 213Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
- 214Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- 215Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford, UK.
- 216School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
- 217Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- 218School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- 219School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- 220Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- 221Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- 222Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.
- 223Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
- 224Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
- 225Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
- 226Department of Cardiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
- 227University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- 228Department of Medicine, Bornholms Hospital, Ronne, Denmark.
- 229School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- 230Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- 231Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- 232Division of Endocrinology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- 233Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 234School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
- 235Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
- 236Institute for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- 237Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- 238Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
- 239Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan.
- 240Centre for Population Health Sciences, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- 241Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan.
- 242Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- 243Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- 244Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
- 245Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
- 246Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou, Athens, Greece.
- 247Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
- 248Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.
- 249Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- 250Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- 251Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- 252Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- 253Second Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
- 254Center for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and The Westmead Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- 255Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
- 256Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 257Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
- 258Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
- 259Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.
- 260Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
- 261Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
- 262Institute of Epidemiology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
- 263Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
- 264Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- 265Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- 266Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- 267Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- 268Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- 269Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- 270Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
- 271Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- 272Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
- 273Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- 274Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- 275Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- 276Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy.
- 277Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- 278Local Health Unit Toscana Centro, Firenze, Italy.
- 279Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany.
- 280Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.
- 281Department of Nephrology, Diabetology, Rheumatology, Traunstein Hospital, Traunstein, Germany.
- 282KfH Kidney Center Traunstein, Traunstein, Germany.
- 283Center for Translational and Systems Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- 284Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- 285Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Athens, Greece.
- 286Dromokaiteio Psychiatric Hospital, Athens, Greece.
- 287Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- 288Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- 289Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- 290Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- 291Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- 292Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- 293Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- 294USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines.
- 295Department of Anthropology, Sociology, and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines.
- 296Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
- 297Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
- 298Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- 299Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- 300Systems Genomics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
- 301Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- 302Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- 303Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- 304Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- 305Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
- 306Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- 307Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- 308Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- 309Division of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- 310Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- 311Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
- 312Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
- 313Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- 314University of Kentucky, College of Public Health, Lexington, KY, USA.
- 315Institute of Cellular Medicine (Diabetes), The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- 316Department of Population Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
- 317University of Helsinki and Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- 318Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.
- 319Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
- 320Diabetology Research Centre, KEM Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, India.
- 321Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- 322Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- 323Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- 324Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico.
- 325Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico, Mexico.
- 326Unidad de Biología Molecular y Medicina Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Bimédicas UNAM/ Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico.
- 327Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico.
- 328Dirección de Nutrición and Unidad de Estudios de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico, Mexico.
- 329Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica y Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
- 330Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico, Mexico.
- 331Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- 332Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
- 333Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
- 334Genetics, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
- 335Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- 336Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee, Ninwells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
- 337Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- 338The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- 339Synlab Academy, Synlab, Mannheim, Germany.
- 340Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- 341Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Bioquimica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, Mexico.
- 342Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- 343Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medecine, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.
- 344Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- 345Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- 346Amsterdam UMC, Department of General Practice and Elderly Care, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- 347Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 348Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 349Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Essex, UK.
- 350The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- 351Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 352Kaiser Permanent Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 353Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- 354Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- 355Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- 356Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- 357Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 358Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 359Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 360Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 361Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Genetics and Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
- 362School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- 363Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, and University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
- 364Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V., Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
- 365Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- 366Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- 367Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- 368Program of Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- 369Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- 370Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- 371Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Infrastructure for Population Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
- 372Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
- 373Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
- 374University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- 375Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Italian National Council of Research (IRGB CNR), Cagliari, Italy.
- 376University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
- 377Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- 378Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- 379Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
- 380Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
- 381Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- 382Population Health Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK.
- 383National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- 384School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- 385OCDEM, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
- 386NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
- 387Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- 388DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Munich Heart Alliance Partner Site, Munich, Germany.
- 389University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
- 390Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 391Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, VU Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- 392Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- 393Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- 394Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
- 395TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
- 396Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
- 397Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- 398Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- 399Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA.
- 400Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- 401Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- 402MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- 403Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- 404Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- 405QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- 406Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology, Faislabad, Pakistan.
- 407Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- 408Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- 409Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- 410National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK.
- 411Aberdeen Centre for Health Data Science, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
- 412Division of Population Health and Genomics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
- 413Biomedical and Translational Informatics, Geisinger Health, Danville, PA, USA.
- 414Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- 415Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- 416Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- 417Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- 418Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- 419Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- 420HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway.
- 421Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway.
- 422Department of Endocrinology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
- 423RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
- 424Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- 425Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- 426Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- 427Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- 428VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
- 429VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- 430University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA.
- 431Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 432Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- 433Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- 434Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- 435Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- 436Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- 437School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- 438Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- 439School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
- 440Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- 441Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- 442Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- 443Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- 444Cardiovascular Research Center and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- 445Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- 446VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA. tassimes@stanford.edu.
- 447Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. tassimes@stanford.edu.
- 448Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. tassimes@stanford.edu.
- 449Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- 450Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. cristen@umich.edu.
- 451Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. cristen@umich.edu.
- 452Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. cristen@umich.edu.
- 453Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. cristen@umich.edu.
Abstract
Increased blood lipid levels are heritable risk factors of cardiovascular disease with varied prevalence worldwide owing to different dietary patterns and medication use1. Despite advances in prevention and treatment, in particular through reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels2, heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide3. Genome-wideassociation studies (GWAS) of blood lipid levels have led to important biological and clinical insights, as well as new drug targets, for cardiovascular disease. However, most previous GWAS4-23 have been conducted in European ancestry populations and may have missed genetic variants that contribute to lipid-level variation in other ancestry groups. These include differences in allele frequencies, effect sizes and linkage-disequilibrium patterns24. Here we conduct a multi-ancestry, genome-wide genetic discovery meta-analysis of lipid levels in approximately 1.65 million individuals, including 350,000 of non-European ancestries. We quantify the gain in studying non-European ancestries and provide evidence to support the expansion of recruitment of additional ancestries, even with relatively small sample sizes. We find that increasing diversity rather than studying additional individuals of European ancestry results in substantial improvements in fine-mapping functional variants and portability of polygenic prediction (evaluated in approximately 295,000 individuals from 7 ancestry groupings). Modest gains in the number of discovered loci and ancestry-specific variants were also achieved. As GWAS expand emphasis beyond the identification of genes and fundamental biology towards the use of genetic variants for preventive and precision medicine25, we anticipate that increased diversity of participants will lead to more accurate and equitable26 application of polygenic scores in clinical practice.
References
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/