Fluoride intake from fluids and urinary fluoride excretion by young children in Kuwait: a non-fluoridated community
Affiliations
Affiliations
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the pattern of fluid consumption, fluoride intake from the fluids and urinary fluoride excretion by children aged 1-9 years in Kuwait, a nonfluoridated community.
Methods: Using the cluster sampling technique, children aged 1-9 years were chosen from 2000 randomly selected households in Kuwait. Questionnaires were then administered to their mothers to determine the children's daily fluid intake. Fluoride concentrations in tap water as well as all brands of bottled water and beverages consumed by the children were measured, using the fluoride ion-specific electrode. Fluoride excretion was determined in 400 randomly selected children, based on fluoride/creatinine ratio.
Results: The mean daily fluid consumption by the children was high, being 1115-1545 ml. About 40% of the fluid intake was plain (tap and bottled) water and approximately 10% of the children drank bottled water exclusively. Fluoride concentration in tap water was low (0.04±SD 0.02 ppm), but was higher in bottled water (0.28±SD 0.40 ppm). Mean daily fluoride ingestion from fluids was 0.013-0.018 mg/kg body weight (bw). Even after allowing for fluoride ingestion from other sources, mean daily fluoride ingestion was still below 0.1 mg/kg bw set by the United States of America Institute of Medicine as the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level for moderate enamel fluorosis in children aged up to 8 years. Furthermore, the mean daily urinary fluoride excretion of 128-220 μg was below the provisional standard of 360-480 μg for optimal fluoride usage by children aged 3-5 years.
Conclusion: Fluoride ingestion from fluids and urinary fluoride excretion by the children were below the recommendations for optimal fluoride usage. Thus, there is room for an upward adjustment of fluoride level in public drinking water supplies in Kuwait, as a caries preventive measure.
Keywords: cariology; epidemiology; fluoride; prevention; public health.
Similar articles
Maguire A, Zohouri FV, Hindmarch PN, Hatts J, Moynihan PJ.Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007 Dec;35(6):479-88. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2006.00366.x.PMID: 18039290
Fluoride content of still bottled waters available in the North-East of England, UK.
Zohouri FV, Maguire A, Moynihan PJ.Br Dent J. 2003 Nov 8;195(9):515-8; discussion 507. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4810668.PMID: 14610562
Fractional Urinary Fluoride Excretion (FUFE) of 3-4 year children in the Gaza Strip.
Abuhaloob L, Maguire A, Moynihan P.Community Dent Health. 2015 Mar;32(1):8-15.PMID: 26263586
Systemic fluoride. Sources, amounts, and effects of ingestion.
Warren JJ, Levy SM.Dent Clin North Am. 1999 Oct;43(4):695-711.PMID: 10553251 Review.
Review of fluoride exposures and ingestion.
Levy SM.Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1994 Jun;22(3):173-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1994.tb01836.x.PMID: 8070245 Review.
Cited by
Urinary minerals excretion among primary schoolchildren in Dubai-United Arab Emirates.
Al Ghali R, El-Mallah C, Obeid O, El-Saleh O, Smail L, Haroun D.PLoS One. 2021 Aug 5;16(8):e0255195. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255195. eCollection 2021.PMID: 34351961 Free PMC article.
Sabti MY, Al-Yahya H, Al-Sumait N, Akbar AA, Qudeimat MA.Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2019 Feb;20(1):53-61. doi: 10.1007/s40368-018-0385-1. Epub 2018 Nov 9.PMID: 30413972
Akbar AA, Al-Sumait N, Al-Yahya H, Sabti MY, Qudeimat MA.Int J Dent. 2018 Apr 16;2018:8908924. doi: 10.1155/2018/8908924. eCollection 2018.PMID: 29849638 Free PMC article.
Jomaa L, Hwalla N, Constant F, Naja F, Nasreddine L.Nutrients. 2016 Sep 8;8(9):554. doi: 10.3390/nu8090554.PMID: 27618092 Free PMC article.
Ghattas H, Francis S, El Mallah C, Shatila D, Merhi K, Hlais S, Zimmermann M, Obeid O.Eur J Nutr. 2017 Mar;56(2):749-755. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-1120-x. Epub 2015 Dec 9.PMID: 26650194