Do fixed orthodontic appliances cause halitosis? A systematic review

Salem Abdulraheem 1 2, Liselotte Paulsson 3, Sofia Petrén 3, Mikael Sonesson 3

Affiliations

05 February 2019

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doi: 10.1186/s12903-019-0761-1

Abstract

Objective: To examine: (I) the current evidence of the impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on the development of halitosis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, and (II) the influence of different orthodontic bracket systems on halitosis.

Material and methods: Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library) were searched prior to March 15, 2018. The review was systematically conducted and reported according to the Cochrane Handbook and the PRISMA statement. Only Randomised Clinical Trials (RCTs) were considered. Selected full-text papers were independently assessed by four investigators and any disagreements were resolved by consensus. The Cochrane Handbook was used to grade the risk of bias and the quality of evidence was rated according to GRADE.

Results: Out of 363 identified studies, three RCTs on halitosis and fixed orthodontic appliances met the inclusion criteria. The risk of bias in the three studies was rated as high and the quality of evidence was rated as very low.

Conclusions/clinical implications: There is a lack of scientific evidence that subjects with fixed orthodontic appliances develop halitosis during treatment. Additional well-conducted RCTs with extended periods of assessment are needed as well as consensus concerning cut-off values for the diagnosis of halitosis.

Keywords: Fixed orthodontic appliance; Halitosis; Systematic review.

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1 Flowchart of study selection performed according to the PRISMA guidelines

Fig. 1 Flowchart of study selection performed according to the PRISMA guidelines

Fig. 2 The four assessors’ judgements using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool [21]. The domains were assessed as low, high or unclear risk of bias (marked as green, yellow and red). All studies were assigned as an overall risk of bias

Fig. 2 The four assessors’ judgements using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool [21]. The domains were assessed as low, high or unclear risk of bias (marked as green, yellow and red). All studies were assigned as an overall risk of bias

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KMEL References

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